SOCIAL MEDIA & COM 262

Professor
PRIVACY PART 2 Kenny
 COPYRIGHT
Ekstrand, V. S. (2014). Remixing, Reposting, and Reblogging:
Digital Media, Theories of the Image, and Copyright Law.
Visual Communication Quarterly, 21 (2), pp. 96-105. doi:
10.1080/15551393.2014.928155
 Social Media = remix, copy, share, edit & post content
 Collaboration challenges copyright
 Content on social media does not fall under the public domain.
Copyright law is enforced!
 Entitlement with free content
 FAIR USE
(2016, January). fair use A Dictionary of Social Media .
 “The use of copyrighted material for a limited or transformative
purpose (such as in reviews or parodies) which does not require
permission from the copyright owner.”

(2013). fair use. Barron's Business Dictionaries: Dictionary of

Computer and Internet Terms.
 “in copyright law, a limited kind of use of copyrighted material that
does not require the copyright holder's permission. For example,
quoting a few sentences from a book and acknowledging the source
is fair use.”
 FAIR USE – DEFINITION
Cohen, J., & Kenny, T. (2015). Producing New and Digital Media: Your Guide to Savvy Use of the Web. CRC
Press.

 “US copyright doctrine that allows some material to be used, under certain circumstance, without
permission of the copyright holder” (p. 250).

U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 Part 17 Section 106:

Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 17 106 and 17 106A the fair use of a copyright work, including
such use by reproduction in copies or phontorecords by any other means specified by that section, for
purpose such as criticism, comment, news report, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use),
scholarship, or research is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work
in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered include:
 The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for
nonprofit educational purposes
 The nature of the copyrighted work
 The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
 The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
 The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon
consideration of all the above factors .
 SOCIAL MEDIA & FAIR USE
 YouTube Content ID
 Take the video down?
 Allow the user to keep it, but with advertisements
 Allow the user to keep it with no issues

https://harvardlawreview.org/2016/06/lenz -v-universal-music-corp/
 Lenz v. Universal Music Corp – Universal music felt that Lenz using
a Prince song for twenty seconds infringed on their copyright
 While Universal sent YouTube a takedown notice, it did not consider
fair use in their claim
 PROBLEMS WITH FAIR USE
 Sharing on social media
 Technology
 Amount of “work” that falls under fair use
 Education

Lessig: Code (2006)

 Owner does not have a say if material is used
 NET NEUTRALITY
 I n t e r n e t p r o vi der s c a n c h o o s e t o s e l l yo u r i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h i r d p a r t i es
 I f t h e y c h o o s e t o s e l l t o o t h e r s , yo u h a ve n o c o n t r o l a n d o u t s i d e p a r t i e s c a n
a c c e s s yo u r i n f o r ma t i o n
 C o m p a n i e s c a n m a k e i t d i ff i c u l t t o a c c e s s i n f o r ma t i o n – I f a p r o vi d e r d o e s n o t
wa n t N e t f l i x f o r e xa m p l e d u e t o t h e a m o u n t o f d a t a i t t a k e s t o r u n , u s e r s wi l l n o t
be able to use the site
 S p e e d c o u l d g o a g a i ns t d a t a p l a n s , t h u s s i m p l y a c c e s s i n g i n f o r mat i on c o u l d b e
d i ff i c u l t wh e n vi s i t i n g a we b s i t e
 T h i s c o u l d c a u s e we b s i t e s t h a t c a n ’ t a ff o r d t o p a y i n t e r n e t s e r vi c e p r o vi d e r s t o b e
s h u t d o wn d u e t o n o t b e i n g a b l e t o a ff o r d t o wo r k wi t h t h e s e r vi c e – t h u s u s e r s
wi l l l o s e a c c e s s t o t h o u sa n d s o f we b s i t e s a n d l o s e a c c e s s t o i n f o r ma t i o n

 B i a s t o wa r d s c o n t e n t = e n a b l e s s e r vi c e p r o vi d e r s h a ve c o n t r o l & b l o c k s c o n t e n t
from one another
 Free speech?
 RECENT ARTICLES –
NET NEUTRALITY
 http://money.cnn.com/2017/03/27/technology/net -neutrality-fight/
 https://www.forbes.com/sites/nelsongranados/2017/03/22/net -
neutrality-rules-are-doomed-but-the-internet-will-remain-
neutral/#4641c1eb3879
 http://www.app.com/story/money/business/2017/03/20/net -
neutrality-small-business/98900148/
 http://www.thenonprofittimes.com/news-articles/possible-net-
neutrality-changes-will-block-access-cost/
 http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/129560-what-is-net-neutrality-and-
internet-fast-lanes-and-why-is-obama-stepping-in-now
 http://neatoday.org/2015/03/11/net-neutrality-means-students-
educators/
 FIRST SALE DOCTRINE
first sale; ~ doctrine. (2014). In R. W. Kroon, A/V a to z: An encyclopedic dictionary of media,
entertainment and other Audiovisual terms . Jefferson, NC: McFarland. Retrieved from
http://molloy.idm.oclc.org/ login?
url =http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry /mcfav/first_sale_doctrine/0?institutionId=279
3

C o p yr i g h t A c t o f 1 9 7 6 :

“T h e p r i n c i p a l o f U . S . c o p yr i g h t l a w t h a t a l l o w s t h e p u r c h a s e r o f a c o p yr i g ht e d w o r k t o
u s e t h a t w o r k i n a n y w a y t h a t d o e s n o t v i o l a t e c o p yr i g h t l a w s . ( T h e c o p yr i g ht o w n e r o n l y
c o n t r o l s t h e f i r s t s a l e o f t h e w o r k ) A mo t i o n p i c t ur e d i s t r i b u t o r c a n c h a rg e f o r t h e i n i t ia l
s a l e o f a h o me e n t e r ta i n me n t p r o d u c t s u c h a s a D V D , b u t i t c a n n o t d e ma n d a p o r t i on o f t h e
r e v e n u e d e r i v e d w h e n t h a t i t e m i s r e n t e d t o c o n s u me r s . T h e d o c t r i n e w a s a me n d e d i n 1 9 8 4
a n d 1 9 9 0 t o e x c l u d e mu s i c a n d s o f t w a r e r e n t a l s , r e s p e c t i v e l y. U n l i k e o t h e r me d i a
( i n c l u d in g h o me e n t e r t a i n me n t ) , w h e r e o n e c a n p u r c h a s e a l e g i t i ma t e c o p y a n d t h e n r e n t i t
t o t h i r d p a r t i e s w i t h o u t t h e p e r mi s s i o n o f t h e c o p yr i g ht h o l d e r, mu s i c a n d s o f t w a r e c a n n o t
b e o ff e r e d f o r r e n t w i t h o u t p r i o r p e r mi s s i on . ”
 FIRST SALE & DIGITAL
Reis, S. (2014). TOWARD A "DIGITAL TRANSFER DOCTRINE"?
THE FIRST SALE DOCTRINE IN THE DIGITAL ERA.
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW, 109(1), pp. 173-208.
 “The first sale doctrine in copyright law allows a person who owns a
copy of a copyrighted work to sell, lend, or give away the copy to
someone else. An owner of a copy of a copyrighted work can take
advantage of the first sale doctrine, but a licensee cannot” (p. 173).
 How does this affect digital files such as music & e -books?
 Physical media – owner of that copy – can lend or sell the item
 Book from Kindle or song from iTunes – cannot sell or lend the file
because you do not own the digital file (licensee)
 FIRST SALE LAWSUITS
 K i r t s a e n g v. J o h n Wi l e y & S o n s , I n c . ( M a r c h 2 0 1 3 )
 N o g e o g r a p h i c r e s t r ic t i on s

 D R M – D i g i t a l R i g h t s M a n a g e me n t
 D i g i t a l M i l l e n ni u m C o p yr i g ht A c t o f 1 9 9 8
 Controls access to digital work
 F i r s t S a l e n o t i n c l ud e d b e c a u s e d i g i ta l f i l e s d o n o t d e g r a d e

 C a p i t ol R e c o r d s , L L C v. R e D i g i I n c
 F i r s t s a l e d o c t r i ne & M P 3 f i l e s ; i n a b i li t y t o s e l l d i g i t a l f i l e s
 R e D i g i p e r mi t t e d t h e i r u s e r s t o r e s e l l a u d i o f i l e s p u r c h a s e d f r o m i Tu n e s mu s i c
 Quick, easy transfers
 Piracy
 Ever lasting files
 C o p yr i g h t i n f r i ng e me n t o n C a p i t o l R e c o r d s