Prof. S. N.

Shivani
Assi. Prof. in E.E.

DATE : 17/03/2016

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 General Objectives
• What is fault ?
• What is P. U. System ?

 Specific Objectives
• How to calculate p.u. reactances
• How to calculate fault current.

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What is Fault Analysis ?
• Power System is very complex network of
transmission lines.

• Power is transmitted over long distance through

transmission lines working at EHV level.

• Transmission lines are open to air, so FAULT

occurs OFTEN

• As a protection engineer, I need to protect all

equipments which may get damaged or
destroyed because of heavy current ( in terms of
kA ) flowing during FAULT. 3
What is Fault Analysis ?
• There are protection systems designed to protect
all equipments against fault.

• The working of these protection systems depend

on the magnitude of fault current.

• To design these protection systems, it is utmost

required to predict the fault current that might
flow when fault occurs.

• In the Fault Analysis, the magnitude of Fault

Current at various locations of Power System is
predicted. 4
What is Per Unit System ?
• Fault Current α Voltage
α 1/ Reactance

• Voltage Levels : 11 kV, 132kV/220 kV/400kV,

66kV, 11kV, 230 400 V.

• All power system parameters are brought to one

level (level of Per Unit) by assuming a reference
level or base level.

• Parameters – Voltage, Current, VA, Reactance,

Power
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HOW ANY QUANTITIES CAN BE
CONVERTED INTO PER UNIT FROM
THEIR ORIGINAL UNITS

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EXAMPLE :

If any system having

working voltage = 11 kV
= Base Value

than

10 kV into P.U. = 10/11 = 0.91

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 MAXIMUM PERCENTAGE VALUE = 100%

MINIMUM PERCENTAGE VALUE = 0 %

PER UNIT VALUE OF ANY QUANTITY

MAY VARY BETWEEN

0 1

SO MAKES THE CALCULATIONS VERY EASY

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 How can be reactance converted ?
BASIC EQUATION

MULTIPLY NUMERATOR AND DENOMINATOR BY V

SO,

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Convert V into kV & VA into kVA

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WE NEED TO SELECT ,

BASE kV

&

BASE kVA

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FOR EXAMPLE,

AN ALTERNATOR HAVING

RATED KV = 11 KV

RATED KVA = 5000KVA

REACTANCE = 2 OHM

CONVERT THE REACTANCE INTO P.U. ?

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