UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

“No pit holes, everybody counts”

WORLD AIDS DAY-1ST DEC 2017
Presenter: JADDI, HAJI M.
 Introduction
• AIDS is a retroviral disease
• Caused by the Human Immune Virus (HIV)
• Characterised by profound
Immunosuppression
• Opportunistic infections,
• Secondary neoplasms, and
• Neurological manifestations
 Introduction
• Truly staggering epidemic
• HIV-1 and HIV-2
• HIV-1 global and HIV-2 discovered in West
Africa and found principally in West Africa
• HIV-2 more virulent, faster progression and
associated with greater morbidity
 Background of HIV/AIDS……….
• It is widely believed that HIV originated in
Kinshasa , in Republic of Congo around 1920
when HIV crossed species from chimpanzee to
human during meat trading in the heavy rain
forests of central and western Africa.
 HIV/AIDS hypothesises
• There are two main and sounding hypothesises
1. HIV/AIDS hypothesis this postulates that “ a new
infectious epidemic of Immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS) is the result of infection by an exogenous
retrovirus called Human Immune Virus.
The postulates also stated that;
• HIV is sexually transmitted via semen.
• There is destruction of CD4+ which the hallmark of
AIDS
• Increased cytotoxic CD8 LYMPHOCYTES which destruct
cell mediated immunity
 HIV/AIDS hypothesises………….
2.Chemical AIDS hypothesis this proposes that
AIDS epidemics of United States and Europe are
caused by recreational drugs, alias, life style and
anti-HIV drugs.
 Routes of spread
• Sexual Contact – 75%
• Parental Inoculation – intravenous drug
abusers and recipients of blood and blood
products.
• Passage of virus from Infected mothers to
children through the placenta or through
breast milk.
 Clinical Features

• Terminal phase of HIV infection is known as

AIDS.
• Opportunistic Infections – fungal, bacterial,
viral, neoplasms
 Major Signs
• Weight loss >10% of body weight
• Chronic diarrhoea >1 month
• Prolonged fever >1 month (int or perm)
Minor Signs
• Persistent cough >1 month
• Generalised pruritic dermatitis
• Recurrent herpes zoster
• Oro-pharyngeal candidiasis
• Chronic progressive and disseminated herpes simplex
infection
• Generalised lymphadenopathy
End stage AIDS patient
 Treatment
• No cure known, prevention.
• ABC Abstinence, faithfulness and Condom use.
Prevention
• Abstinence
• Sexually active: stick to one sexual partner.
• Condom use
 Why HIV?????
• Since its description in 1980s HIV/AIDS has
become one of the most devastating
epidemics in human history.
• Millions of new infections occur every year
predominantly in resources poor settings
where access to diagnosis and treatment of
HIV remain inadequate hence causing more
loss of human resources
 Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
• According to 2016 united Nations joint
program for HIV/AIDS 36.7million of world`s
population were living with HIV or AIDS,
roughly half of them were man and more than
2million were children
• In Tanzania 4.7% of adult population by 2016
were living with HIV or AIDS, With lowest
prevalence of 0.2% in Zanzibar and highest
prevalence of 15.4% in Njombe.
 Goals of WHO&MOH
• WHO under UN umbrella had 2015 millennium
development goals (MDGs) number 6 that aimed
at combating HIV/AIDS by 2015.
• Also WHO under UNAIDS has 90-90-90 ambitious
treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic,
at which by 2020 90% of people diagnosed with
HIV will receive sustained antiretroviral therapy
will know their HIV status.
 Goals of WHO&MOH……….
• MOH has a special agent called TACAIDS that
deals with AIDS combating movements,
funding the movements and making platforms
to achieve zero HIV infection in the country.
 conclusion
• Education to patients and care givers on
adherence to drugs to decrease resistance
• Education to minimize stigma
• More research for determination of proper
treatment
“No pit holes, everyone counts”
 Reference texts
• National health policy of Tanzania
• Pathology basis of diseases Contran, Kumar et
ol
• Tacaids.go.tz
• Medical microbiology,
Jawetz,Menelick&Aldeberg