Lecture # 1,2

By:
Mr. Waqas Haider Khan Bangyal
Operate, Operator and Operating
 Operate
 Control the functioning of (a machine, process, or
system)

 Operator
 A person who operates equipment or a machine.

 Operating
 The way by which a machine, vehicle, device, etc.,
functions are used and controlled
System
 A set of things working together as parts of a
mechanism or an interconnecting network

 An organized scheme or method uses set of principles

or procedures according to which something is done

 A system is a collection of elements or components

that are organized for a common purpose
Software
Software

 Application software: Programs for performing a specific task

 Word processing, spreadsheets, gaming, web page design, graphic design
 System software:
 Operating software: Software that controls the overall operation of the
computer
 (more next)
 Utility software: Software that extends or customizes the capabilities of the
operating system
 Formatting
 compress/decompress data
 network communications
 Distinction between Application and System software can be vague.
 Anti-trust and unfair business practice lawsuits against Microsoft have been
filed over the years.
 Operating System Software
 Operating System (OS) – Software that controls the overall operation of
a computer
What is an operating system (OS)?
What “is” an operating system?

Software files (programs) which are stored on the hard

disk
 kernel with the internal programs
 external programs

Supporting Data Files

The kernel
The operating system software file (program) which is copied into
RAM, usually from the hard disk drive, during the boot-up.

The kernel remains in RAM while the computer is on and is in charge

of the overall operation of the computer system.

The kernel contains the “internal programs” for the most often used
operations like copying files.

 kmem (Linux)
 command.exe (Microsoft)
Kernel

 Kernel – The internal part of the operating system.

 Those software components that perform the basic functions required
by the computer.
 File management
 Memory management (RAM)
 Security
Definition
 An operating system is a program that acts as an interface
between the user and the computer hardware and controls
and manages the overall resources of computer system.

 Goals of an OS:-
1. Making computer system convenient to use in effective
manner.
2. Manages resources of a computer system.

Example of os:- Ms-dos

Windows
Macintosh
Unix
Operating System Objectives
 Convenience
Makes the computer more convenient to use
 Efficiency
 Allows computer system resources to be used in an
efficient manner
 Ability to evolve
 Permit effective development, testing, and introduction
of new system functions without interfering with service
Architecture of Computer System

Hardware

Operating System (OS)

Programming Language (e.g. PASCAL)

Application Programs (e.g. WORD, EXCEL)

Structure of Operating System
USERS

Other System Programs

Operating System

HARDWARE
Detail Layered View of Computer
Functions of Operating Systems
 Provide a user interface
 Run programs
 Manage hardware devices
 Organized file storage
1) Providing a User Interface
 User interface
 How a user interacts with a computer
 Require different skill sets
1) Providing a User Interface
 Graphical user interface (GUI)
 Most common interface
 Windows, OS X, Gnome, KDE
 Uses a mouse to control objects
 Uses a desktop metaphor
 Shortcuts open programs or documents
 Open documents have additional objects
 Task switching
 Dialog boxes allow directed input
Graphical User Interface
Providing a User Interface
 Command line interfaces
 Older interface
 DOS, Linux, UNIX
 User types commands at a prompt
 User must remember all commands
 Included in all GUIs
Command Line Interface
2) Running Programs
 Many different applications supported
 System call
 Provides consistent access to OS features
 Share information between programs
 Copy and paste
 Object Linking and Embedding
3) Managing Hardware
 Programs need to access hardware
 Interrupts
 CPU is stopped
 Hardware device is accessed
 Device drivers control the hardware
4) Organizing Files and Folders
 Organized storage
 Long file names
 Folders can be created and nested
 All storage devices work consistently
Types of Operating Systems
 1) Real-time operating system
 Very fast small OS
 Built into a device
 Respond quickly to user input
 MP3 players, Medical devices
Types of Operating Systems
 2) Single user/Single tasking OS
 One user works on the system
 Performs one task at a time
 MS-DOS and Palm OS
 Take up little space on disk
 Run on inexpensive computers
Single Tasking
 Operating System cannot be able to take control
back from the running process/task/application
 In case if a process call an I/O Instruction then
Processor must wait for I/O instruction to
complete before preceding
Types of Operating Systems
 3) Single user/Multitasking OS
 User performs many tasks at once
 Most common form of OS
 Windows XP and OS X
 Require expensive computers
 Tend to be complex
Multitasking
 Operating System can take control back from the
running process and can give it to other.
 When one job needs to wait for I/O, the
processor can switch to the other job
Types of Operating Systems
 4) Multi user/Multitasking OS
 Many users connect to one computer
 Each user has a unique session
 UNIX, Linux, and VMS
 Maintenance can be easy
 Requires a powerful computer
Multi user/Multi tasking OS
History of Operating Systems
1940’s – 1950’s
 Each program (job) required significant
preparation of equipment.
 Mounting tapes
 Loading punch cards
 Computer Operator – Person who
operated the computer.
 Mount tapes
 Load punch cards
 Take printouts off of printer
 Batch processing – The execution of
jobs by collecting them in a single batch,
the executing them without further
interaction with the user.
History of Operating Systems
 Job queue – Jobs residing in mass
storage (hard disk drives, tape)
waiting for execution.
 FIFO (First-In, First-Out)
 Job Priorities and scheduling
 Job Control Language (JCL) – Set of
instructions explaining the steps of a
particular job.
 Operating system sent these to
the printer
 Computer Operator follows the
instructions
History of Operating Systems
 Disadvantage to Batch Processing –
No interaction with the user.
 Fine for software that does not need
user interaction:
 Payroll systems (creating checks)
 Reporting systems
 Does not work well for other types of
software:
 Word processing
 Reservation systems
 Gaming
History of Operating Systems
 Newer Operating Systems
 Used remote terminals and
interactive processing
 Computer must be fast enough to
coordinate with the needs of the
user.
 Real-time processing - Computer
must execute tasks under a deadline.
 Time sharing – Provides service to
multiple users at the same time.
 Multiprogramming - Time
divided into intervals.
 Multitasking – One user executing
numerous tasks (programs)
simultaneously
Today’s Operating Systems
 Today’s CPUs (multiprocessors)
 Multiple processors
 Load balancing
Dynamically allocating
tasks to the various
processors so that all
processors are used
efficiently.
 Scaling
 Breaking tasks into a
number of subtasks equal to
the number of processors
available.
 The Network (Internet)
 Becoming a single network-
wide operating system
rather than a network of
individual operating
systems.
Common Operating Systems and Their Differences

 Network Operating System

 UNIX / Linux / MS Windows2000 Server

 Desktop Operating System

 MS Windows 9X/Me / Mac OS / DOS

 Mobile Operating System

 Palm OS and Pocket PC
Examples
 Common operating systems
 WINDOW
 used in IBM compatible microcomputers
 UNIX
 multi-user, multi-tasking OS used in minicomputers and
microcomputers
 VAX/VMS
 used in DEC’s VAX series of minicomputers
DOS interface
GUI
Different Types of Operating System
Special Features of OS
 multi-tasking
 multi-programming
 parallel processing
 buffering
 spooling
Multi-tasking
 to handle 2 or more programs at the same time from a
single user ‘s perception
 CPU can only perform one task at a time, however, it
runs so fast that 2 or more jobs seem to execute at the
same time
Multi-programming
 2 or more programs store in the main memory at the
same time
 when one job needs to wait (e.g. I/O operation), CPU
switch to another job to execute
 when the first job finishes waiting, CPU will get back
the first job to execute
Parallel Processing
 use 2 or more CPUs to handle jobs
 computer networking without multiprocessing

with multiprocessing Job 4

Job 3
Job 4
Job 2
time Job 3 time

Job 1
Job 1 Job 2

CPU 1 CPU 2 CPU 1

Buffering
 a temporary storage area (buffers) to read data from
input device or send data to the output device
 keep CPU busy
 because I/O operation is slow
Spooling
 a larger buffer from hard disk
 buffer store the data through I/O operation
 because I/O operation is slow and CPU operation
is fast