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Chapter 2
Network Models
Copyright
2.1 © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2-1 LAYERED TASKS
We use the concept of layers in our daily
life. As an example, let us consider two
friends who communicate through postal
mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no
services available from the post office.
2.2
Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter
2.3
2-2 THE OSI MODEL
2.5
Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model
2.6
Figure 2.3 Interaction between layers in the OSI model
2.7
Organization of LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
Layers I, 2,and 3-physical,datalink, and network are the network support layers;
deal with physical aspects of moving data from one device to another(such as
electrical specifications, physical connections, physical addressing, and transport
timing and reliability).
Layer4,the transport layer, links the two subgroups and ensures that what the lower
layers have transmitted is in a form that the upper layers can use.
The upper OSI layers are almost always implemented in software ;lower layers
area Combination of hardware and software, except for the physical layer, which
his mostly hardware.
2.8
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model
2.9
Organization of LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
Figure2.4, which gives an over all view of the OSI layers,
When the formatted data unit passes through the physical layer
(layer 1), it is changed into an electromagnetic signal and
transported along a physical link.
Upon reaching its destination, the signal passes into layer 1 and is
transformed
2.10 back into digital form.
2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
2.11
Figure 2.5 Physical layer
Physical layer coordinates the functions required to carry a bit stream over a physical
medium.
It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface and transmission
medium.
It also defines the procedures and functions that physical devices and interfaces have
toper form for transmission to Occur.
Figure 2.5 shows the position of the physical layer with respect to the transmission
medium and the datalink layer.
2.12
Figure 2.5 Physical layer
2.13
Note
2.14
Figure 2.6 Data link layer
2.15
Figure 2.6 Data Link layer
It transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a
reliable link.
It makes the physical layer appear error-free to the upper layer
(network layer). Figure2.6 shows the relationship of the data link layer
to the network and physical layers.
2.16
Note
2.17
Figure 2.8 Network layer
2.18
Figure 2.8 Network layer
Whereas the datalink layer over sees the delivery of the packet
between two systems on the same network (links), the network layer
ensures that each packet gets from its point of origin to its final
destination.
2.19
Note
2.20
Figure 2.10 Transport layer
2.21
Figure 2.10 Transport layer
Flow control : Like the datalink layer, the transport layer is responsible
for flow control. However, flow control at this layer is performed end to
end rather than across a single link.
2.23
Note
2.24
Figure 2.12 Session layer
2.25
Figure 2.12 Session layer
2.26
Note
2.27
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer
2.28
Figure 2.13 Session layer
2.29
Note
2.30
Figure 2.14 Application layer
2.31
Figure 2.14 Application layer
2.32
Note
2.33
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers
2.34
2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
2.36
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model
OSI model specifies the functions belong to each of its layers, TCP/IP layers specifies protocol
suite contain relatively independent protocols that can be mixed and matched depending on
the needs of the system.
The term hierarchical means that each upper-level protocol is supported by one or more
lower-level protocols.
Network Layer
• At the network layer (or, more accurately, the inter network layer),
• TCP/IP supports the Internetworking Protocol.
• IP, in turn, uses four supporting protocols:
• ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP.
Transport Layer
• This layer was represented in TCP/IP by two protocols: TCP and UDP.
• IP is a host-to-host protocol, means responsible for packet delivery from one device to the other .
• UDP & TCP are transport level protocols responsible for delivery of a message from a process
(running program) to another process.
• New Transport layer protocol, SCTP devised to meet the needs of some newer applications.
Application Layer
• This layer in TCP/IP is equivalent to the combined session, presentation, and application layers
in the OSI model Many protocols are defined at this layer.
2.38
2-5 ADDRESSING in TCP/IP
2.39
Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP
2.40
Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
2.41
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model
Physical Addresses
2.43
Example 2.2
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
2.44
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model
Logical Addresses
• No two publicly addressed and visible hosts on the Internet can have the
same IP address.
2.45
Example 2.3
2.46
Figure 2.20 IP addresses
2.47
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model
Port Addresses
• IP and physical address are necessary for quantity of data to travel from source to the
destination host.
• However, arrival at destination host is not final objective of data communications on the
Internet.
• A system that sends nothing but data from one computer to another is not complete. Today,
computers are devices that can run multiple processes at the same time.
• At the same time, computer A communicates with computer B by using the File Transfer
Protocol (FTP). For these processes to receive data simultaneously, we need a method to label
the different processes.
• In other words, they need addresses. In the TCP/IP architecture, the label assigned to a
Process is called a port address.
• A port address
2.48 in TCP/IP is 16 bits in length.
Example 2.4
2.49
Figure 2.21 Port addresses
2.50
Example 2.5
753
2.51
Note
2.52