Cellular Mobile

Communication Concept &

GSM System
What is Mobile phone?

 The mobile phone or cell phone is a

long-range, portable electronic
device used for mobile
communication
What is Mobile communication

 A wireless form of communication in which

voice and data information is emitted,
transmitted and received via microwaves.
 Example: cellular and digital cordless
telephones, pagers, satellite based
communication etc.
Related Terms

 MS-Mobile Station
 BTS-Base Transceiver Station
 BSC-(Base Station Controller)
 MSC-Mobile Switching Center
 PSTN-Public Switched Telephone Network
What a mobile contains?

 PCB(Printed Circuit Board)

 Microphone
 Speaker
 Antenna
 Battery
 Flash/ROM
How a mobile works?
What happens when we make a
call?
 When we switch on the mobile phone, it tries for an
SID on the Control channel. The Control channel is a
special frequency that the phone and base station
use to talk to one another. If the Mobile phone finds
difficulty to get link with the control channel, it
displays a “no service” message.
 If the Mobile phone gets the SID, it compares the
SID with the SID programmed in the phone. If both
SID match, the phone identifies that the cell it is
communicating is the part of its home system.
Adapting power control?

 Generally a BS uses 10 to 100 Watt and a MS

uses 0.5 Watt.
 When a MS is close to a BS it needs a less
transmission power and it needs a high
transmission power when MS is far from BS.
 Depending on its position from BS , MS needs
to control its transmission power. This is
known as Adapting Power Control.
 Adapting Power Control is efficient for
battery.
Mobile Phone has 3 special
codes:
 ESN – Electronic Serial Number(32 bit)
 MIN – Mobile Identification Number(10 bit)
 SID – System Identification Code(5 bit)
ESN is a permanent part of the phone while MIN and
SID codes are programmed in the phone when a
service plan is selected and activated.
 SIM card

SIM – Subscriber Identification Module - The SIM is a

detachable smart card containing the user’s
subscription information and phone book.

SIM card Securely stores the service subscriber key

having 15 digits.
The digits of the key are :
 Country code – 3 digit
 Network – 2 digit
 Subscriber number – around 10 digit
Handover

In cellular telecommunications, the term handover or handoff

refers to the process of transferring an ongoing call or data
session from one channel connected to the core network to
another channel.
 GSM

Global System for Mobile Communications is the standard

for mobile telephone systems in the world.
There are two types of channels used in GSM . These are
Control channels and Traffic channels.
Control channels
Traffic channels
Control channels: Control channel is used for call initiate.
Traffic channels: It is used to carry calls or other data from
the mobile phone to the base station and vice versa. In the
Traffic channel, voice or text data is carried in bursts.
Frequency in GSM

Mainly 4 frequency used in

 GSM 400,
 GSM 900,
 GSM 1800,
 GSM 1900MHZ

GSM operates on the mobile communication bands 900 MHz

and 1800 MHz in most parts of the world.
In GSM 900MHZ there are 2 part
 UL(uplink)– 850-915 MHz
 DL(Downlink)– 935-960MHz

The difference between channel is 45MHz

Why ul(Uplink) frequency is lower
than dl(Download) frequency?
It is because a mobile is operated on a
battery with low power and therefore it sends
signals on low(uplink) frequencies whereas a
base station is driven by high power and can
easily send signals on high(downlink)
frequencies.
This can be verified by Friis equation which
says Transmitted power and Transmitted
frequency are directly proportional.
FDMA

 Frequency division multiple access or FDMA is a channel access method

used in multiple-access protocols as a channelization protocol.
 FDMA gives users an individual allocation of one or several frequency
bands, or channels.
 GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200 kHz
FDMA
TDMA

 Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for

shared medium networks.
 It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the
signal into different time slots.
TDMA