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The nerves
Consists of two divisions
1. The Central Nervous system-
comprises of brain and spinal cord
2. The Peripheral Nervous system- divided
into :
A. Somatic or voluntary nervous system
B. Autonomic-Involuntary nervous
system.
The nervous system also allows you to
react to a stimulus.
3 4
2
1.Electrical current travels down the axon
2.Vesicles with chemicals move toward the
membrane
3.Chemicals are released and diffuse toward the
next cell’s plasma membrane
4.The chemicals open up the transport proteins
and allow the signal to pass to the next cell
Brain vs spinal cord vs peripheral nerves
About how many neurons are in
the human brain?=15 billion
About how many neurons are in
the spinal cord?=1 billion
1,000 to 10,000!!
Sometimes a stimulus requires an
immediate response. This is called a
reflex action. It is an involuntary
response and we do it without thinking.
These automatic responses do not have
to be learned. They can be very
important in preventing injury to
ourselves.
The nerve pathway taken in a
reflex action is called a reflex
arc. The nervous message goes
to the spinal cord, then a
message passes from the spinal
cord directly to an effector to
give an immediate response.
Sometimes
called a
relay or
Connector
neuron
Our sense organs contain special receptor cells which
will detect a change in our surroundings (a stimulus)
Nerves
Messages carried throughout the body
by nerves.
You have a nerve along your whole arm.
.
•FRONTAL LOBE
• The largest lobe, located in front of
the skull.
• Major functions are concentration,
abstract
. thought, information storage
or memory and motor function.
•FRONTAL LOBE
•FRONTAL LOBE
• It also contains the Broca’s area –
critical for motor control of speech.
• Responsible in a large part for a
person’s
. affect, judgment , personality
and inhibitions
•BROCA’S AREA
* PARIETAL LOBE- Predominantly
sensory lobe; located near the crown of
the head.
Analyzes sensory information and relays the
interpretation of this information to the thalamus
and other cortical areas.
.Essential to a person’s awareness of the body
space as well as orientation in space and spatial
relations.
* PARIETAL LOBE-
* OCCIPITAL LOBE- contains primary
visual center and an association
area for visual recognition.
It is the area that receives the impulses
bringing information of sensory stimulation
throughout the body, including pain receptors
. in the skin and other part of the body and
kinesthetic or “ movement” sense in the
muscles or joints. Adjacent to this area is
the visual reading association which
coordinates reading activities
* OCCIPITAL LOBE-
* TEMPORAL LOBE- contains the
auditory receptive areas located around
the temples.
. Contains a vital area called the interpretative
area that provides integration of somatization,
visual and auditory areas and plays the most
dominant role of any area of the cortex in
thinking.
* TEMPORAL LOBE-
* The Brain has three major areas…
1. The Cerebrum
2. The Cerebellum
controls
•Predominantly excitatory
responses , most notably the
“fight and flight response”
• The main neurotransmitter is
norepinephrine ( adrenalin)
* Effects :bronchioles dilate, increased heart
rate , dilates pupils, increased blood pressure,
thick viscous saliva.
Functions as the most dominant
controller for most visceral effectors
During quiet, non stressful conditions,
impulses from parasympathetic fibers
( cholinergic) predominate
Effects: decreased heart rate, bp,
pulse rate, constrict pupils, thin watery
saliva.
(Sensory- motor nerves) transmit
impulses from receptors to brain
and spinal cord, transmit impulses
. from brain and
to striated muscles
spinal cord.
.