Quiz 2 Time 10 min

Q.2 Calculate the enthalpy of formation of

196g of H2SO4 at 25oC using the following
data, using equation and formula method as
well?
SO2(g) → S(s) + O2(g ∆H=70.96 Kcal
2SO3 (g) → 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
∆H=46.98 Kcal
H2SO4 (l) → SO3(g) + H2O(l) ∆H= 31.14 Kcal
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O(l) ∆H= -136.64
1 Kcal
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
 Types of Chemical Reactions

1. Complete / unidirectional/ irreversible

reactions
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
2. Incomplete/ reversible reactions
Equilibrium ?
 Chemical Equilibrium
• The state of balance at which the rate
of forward reaction becomes equal to
the rate of reverse reaction

• The state of balance at which the

concentrations of reactants and
product do not change i.e the net result
is zero
 Reaction Velocity

The number of moles of substance per

unit volume reacting in unit time

Factors influencing reaction velocity

1.Nature of reactants
2.Concentration
3.Temperature
4.catalysts
 Law of Mass Action

• The velocity of a chemical reaction varies

with the concentration of the reacting
substances

• The rate of a chemical reaction is directly

proportional to the active masses of the
reacting substance
 Henri L. le Chatlier
N2O4(g)  2NO2(g).
(colorless) (brown)

1850-1936.
Adapted thermodynamics
toequilibria; formulated the
principle known by his name.

8
9
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
 Le Chatelier’s Principle
If a system
(a set of reacting substances)
at equilibrium is subjected to a stress
(a change of conditions),
the equilibrium will shift in such direction
as to reduce the stress
(that is, restore the original conditions).
The Concept of Equilibrium
• Consider colorless N2O4. At room temperature,
it decomposes to brown NO2:
N2O4(g)  2NO2(g).
(colorless) (brown)

As NO2 is produced, it reacts back to form N2O4:

N2O4(g)  2NO2(g)
At some point, the forward and reverse rates
become the same. This is equilibrium.
Furthermore, it is a dynamic equilibrium.
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
The double arrow implies a dynamic equilibrium
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 Stress ?
1. Concentration
3 Fe (Hot) + 4 H2O (Steam) Fe3O4 + 4H2

2. Temperature
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + 22.08 Kcal

3. Pressure
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
 Equilibrium Constant
• Suppose that “a” molecules of substance A react with “b”
molecules of substance B to yield “c” molecules of C and
“d” molecules of D according to equation.
aA + bB cC + dD
Then it is found experimentally that at equilibrium
[C]c x [D]d = K (Equilibrium Constant)
[A]a x [B]b
where:-
[C]c = Stands for concentration of C
[D]d = Stands for concentration of D
[A]a = Stands for concentration of A
[B]b = Stands for concentration of B

Note:- Concentrations are given in Moles per liter.

 Heterogeneous Equilibrium

Which involve two or more phases

2C (solid) + O2 (gas) 2CO (gas)
or
[CO]2 =K
[C]2 x [O2]
where CO = concentration of CO in gas phase
C = concentration of C in solid phase
O2 = concentration of O2 in gas phase