NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Shalihuddin Djalal Tandjung

Suwarno Hadisusanto
Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation
Faculty of Biology UGM
2015

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 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
(Ecosystems, Ecological System)
Business The Ecology
RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP

Entropy, Residue
* Environment Poll.: Air, Water, Land, Cross Media. * Non Point Pollution: Chemical substances

Public Intern’ l trade Competitive Customer Public demand Indonesian Instru-

demand agreement. requirement demand for for environ’l ment for Environ’l
for regula- Equal oppor for clean pro protection. Management & SNI;
tion tunity, Equal ecolabeling cesses and CSR and Com- Int’l Environmental
treatment products dev Management Syst.
&3R & ISO

Planning Utilization Control Maintenance Supervision Law Enforcement

Environmental Business opportunity Natural Resources

Management system and threats Conservation
Sustainable Development
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Natural Environment and Sustainable Development
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT
AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCED)
STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE, 1972

WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND

DEVELOPMENT

BRUNDTLAND REPORT 1987.

OUR COMMON FUTURE

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
33
 CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

CONTROL, REGULATION, MAINTENANCE,

RESTORATION, SUPERVISION, UTILIZATION, AND
DEVELOPMENT

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 SUSTAINABILITY
More efficient use of natural resources
and the introduction of new holistic
environmental technologies
(Rosemarin, 1990)

(
 SUSTAINABLE VS DEVELOPMENT
Elements of long term
 Renewal ~ Reuse
 Maintenance ~ Recovery
Recycling.
Minimal raw material -
Exploitation ~ Reduce
Management of people
need on collective basis ~
Replenish
(
Industrial based culture
 Short term planning
 Minimal maintenance
 Waste, Pollution
 Maximal exploitation of
raw material
 Emphasize on the individual
 Ecological Crisis

1. Danora, USA, 1948: Toxic chemical from

factories caused air pollution which killed 20
people and 6,000 suffering
2. London, 1952: smog (smoke + fog) in air
killed 4,000 people

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3. USA, 1962: Insecticides pollute the air, land,
and water exterminated all animals and
other living form.
4. Sidoarjo (East Java), Indonesia,
2006: mud vulcano blow out.
Present: 11,000 buildings/constructions
inundated underwater; 25,000 person
evacuated.
Future: river and ocean pollution forever.
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 The cancellation of all uses of several
insecticides in USA
Product Year Product Year
DDT 1968 Diazinon 1978
Aldrin 1975 Parathion 1979
Dieldrin 1975 + 19 others 1979
Toxsphene 1976
Endosulfan 1976
Heptachlor 1978
Endrin 1979
 The Living Environment

The spatial entity with all objects, potentials,

conditions and living organisms, including
man and his behavior, which influence the
continuence of the life and welfare of man and
other living organisms

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 Resources
Elements of the living environment
consisting of :
human resources,
organic natural resources,
in-organic natural resources, and
man-made resources.

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 ABC Environment, the components of
natural environment

The inorganic natural resources ( Physical

environment) is A-biotic Environment.

The organic natural environment is the Biotic

Environment.
The human resources and their creation so
called man–made resources is combined as
the Cultural Environment.

In short, the ABC environment consists of

A-biotic, Biotic and Cultural Environment.
A-biotic or physico-chemical environment
consists of 3 elements : water, land, and air.

(eg.: Geology; Pedology; Hydrology;

Climatology; Stratigraphy; Oceanology, etc.)
Biotic or ecological environment consists of
plants (flora), animals (fauna) and microbes
(bacteria, yeasts, fungi).

(eg.: Ecology; Genetics; Systematics;

Biochemistry; Physiology, Microbiology, etc.)
Omnivore - predators+grazers
(man, bear, monkey, etc.)
Carnivore - predators
(tiger, snake, crocodile, etc.)
Herbivore - grazers
(deer, cow, rabbit, etc.)
Producers - vegetations
(plant, phytoplankton, etc.)
decomposers
THE TROPHIC LEVELS
(bacteria and fungi)
(Food chain)
Cultural environment consists of individual
environmental – interests, individual well –
being, social interactions and community
well- being

(eg.: Economics; Sociology; Culture; etc.)

Each component of the environment, e.g.
the biotic environment consists of living
organisms, which interact with each other
and are inseparably interrelated with their
a-biotic and cultural environment.

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 Proposed
Action

A biotic Biotic
Environment AB
Environment
(A) (B)
ABC

AC BC

Cultural
Environment
(C)

The effect of proposed actions on B will also affect A on A-B and C

on B-C. Interaction of environmental components occur on A-B-C 44
An ecosystem is an ordering of an element
of the environment which constitutes a
whole and complete unit which interacts to
produce environment balance, stability,
and productivity
(Riema, 1997)

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Features of Indonesia ecosystem
The Largest Island Country in the world

The most number of Islands 17,508

The longest coastline 81,000 km
The most number of volcanoes, more than 100
The most stretch of altitude from -8,000 (Banda Sea)
to + 5,000 M (Cartenz)
INDONESIA’S LAND AREA = 2,027,870 km2

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 Abiotic Natural Environment of Indonesia

Indonesia is an archipelago of 17,508 islands

stretching between two continents, Asia and
Australia. Total coastline of Indonesia’s 80,791
km (FAO, 1991 cit. Anon., 1995), this is the
longest in the world.

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 The abiotic or physical natural
environment of Indonesia is composed of:

A.Land 1.91 million sq km

B.Ocean
Territorial waters 5.10 million sq km
Continental water 3.00 million sq km
EEZ 2.70 million sq km

Total 12.71 million sq km

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C. Coastal Area
Coastal length 81,000km
Marshes 10,000,000km
Mangrove 3,600,000km
Brackish Fish Pond 183,000km

(Haeruman, 1987)
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D. Inland Waters
Open waters
(lake, river, swamp, etc) 13,700,000ha
Fish Pond 40,000ha
Rice field waters 61,000ha
E. Mountains and Hills
Volcanoes, more than 100

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 Biotic Natural Environment
On the million ha land of Indonesia there is
143,970 million ha tropical rain forest or 75.38%
of land is covered by forest . This is the highest
percentage among the tropical rain forest in the
world. Among the 143,970 million ha forest is
designed for the :
1. Production forest : 64,392,000 ha
2. Conversion forest : 30,537,000 ha
3. Conservation forest : 18,725,000 ha
4. Protected forest : 30,316,000 ha
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Indonesia highest degree of :
Biological diversity
Endemism

42 natural terrestrial &

5 marine ecosystems,

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Ranging from:

Ice fields and alpine meadows (Papua)

to wide variety of humid lowland forest;
Deep lakes to shallow swamps;
Spectacular coral reefs to seagrass
beds and mangrove swamps.

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 Indonesia Ranks

First in the world for species richness for:

Mammals (515 species, 36% endemic);
Shallow-tail butterflies (121 species, 44% endemic);
Third for reptiles (600 species);
Fourth for bird (1,519 species, 28% endemic);
Fifth for amphibians (270 species);
Seventh for flowering plants

(Tandjung, 2012) 53
The big five states based on avian
 COLOMBIA 1721
 PERU 1678
 BRAZIL 1635
 ECUADOR 1559
 INDONESIA 1539
The big five states on avian endemics
 Indonesia 381/1539
 Brazil 177/1635
 Australia 53/751
 Peru 109/1678
 Phillipines 183/556
 INDONESIA POSSESSES UP TO ABOUT 17% OF
THE TOTAL NUMBER SPECIES IN THE WORLD

 10% of the world’s flowering plant species,

 12% of the world’s mammal species,
 16% of the world’s reptile & amphibian spec,
 25% of the world’s fish species,
 Chelinnus undulatus (Napoleon wrasse)
 Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (kerapu macan)
 Cromileptis altivelis (kerapu bebek)
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 Main Taxa Prediction of Organisms
Taxa World Indonesia %
Mammalia 4,000 300 7.5
Aves 8,900 7,500 84.27
Reptilia 8,000 2,000 25
Amphibia 6,000 1,000 16.66
Pisces 38,000 9,500 25
Gastropods 150,000 20,000 13.33
Insecta 1,250,000 250,000 20
Gymnospermae 300,000 25,000 8.33
Pteridophyt 13,000 1,250 9.62
Moss 16,000 1,500 9.38
Algae 21,000 1,800 8.57
Fungi 100,000 12,000 12
Bacteria & blue algae 2,700 300 11
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CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES

The management of resources which

ensures their wise utilization, and in the
case of renewal natural resources,
ensures their continued supply by
constantly maintaining and improving
their value and variety.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
ECODEVELOPMENT
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The Management of Living Environment for Sustainable
development is an integrated effort in the:

utilization
regulation
maintenance
supervision
control
restoration
development of the environment

(RIEMA, 1997)
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Elevation > 4,000 m asl.
Low species diversity
High Moisture
Low temperature
 Low temperature, high moisture
Dominantly moss; low species diversity
Productivity relatively low;
Low Species diversity
Dominantly: Pine
Depterocarp plant, species diversity and
stratification, tropical, high productivity
High Productivity, stratification is complex
High diversity (Plants and Animals)
High temperture and moisture
Climax succession
Low diversity (vegetations), dominantly
Eucalyptus. Animals dominantly birds
and reptile.
Low productivity and biomass.
Low moisture
Stratification not clear.
High plants very rare, dominantly grass,
high temperature and low moisture
High temperature and low moisture
Subsystems: exokarst and endokarst
Low diversity both vegetations (dominantly:
xerophyt) and animals.
High temperature and low moist.
Low diversity (plants and animals)
Vegetations continuously:

Typha Nymphea
Potamogeton
Scirpus
Sagitaria
Chara
Spirogyra
vegetations continuous:
Potamogeton
Scirpus
Polygonum
Ruppia
Chara
Echinochola
Vallisneria
Najas
Physical: brackishwater, mud, high turbidity,
Biotic: Uca, Sesarma,

Mudskipper as bio-indicators in mangrove

 Physics: high slope; caves
Biotic: Nerita, Balanus (barnacle), Aerodramus
(swallow)
Physics: high salinity, silica, high transparancy
Vegetations: Halophila, Thalassia, Enhalus (sea grass)
Animals: Asterias (star fish), Deadema, Echinus (sea
urchin), Ophiopolis, Pagurus (ghost crabs), sea turtles
Physics : brackishwater, high transparancy
Biotics on sand: Ocypoda, Chiridotes, Emerita (sand
crabs), Pagurus (ghost crabs)
Biotics on gravels:
Littorina,
Balanus, Ostrea,
Mytilus, Leptogorgia
Physics: temperature > 22 ºC, very high transparancy, total
high intensity, salinity 33 – 35 ‰, far of estuary
Biotics: sea horses, yellow tail fish, fat-fish, kerapu,
beronang, etc. There are 32 species of high commodity
fishes of 132 species.
Continuous ecosystems (vertical view)

coniferous decidous lake mix paddy-field village mangrove sea

Aerial view
watershed
river

river

coniferous decidous lake mix paddy village mangrove sea

 Lake Ranjeng, Central Java
Elevation 1600 m. asl., depth >100 m
 Water hyacin is growing because of
eutrophications (nutrient enrichment)
 POPULATION

NATURAL
POLLUTION
RESOUCES
Population in Indonesia (million)
218,9
205,1
194,8
179,4
147,4

119,2
Colaboration

INDOTAN INC.
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
NO SAFETY APPARATUS
TILLING WASTE WATER
HEALHTY IMPACT
f. Mercury in quarry and soil

Pelangan – Selindungan

Concentration of mercury (ppm)

Sample PS II PS III PS IV Maximum
Quarry mud 15.60 129.82 24.97
1 // 0 78.95 200.71 18.59
1 // 0.2 85.08 2.06 8.26 2
2 // 0 16.99 5.96 9.03
2 // 0.2 10.97 1.67 3.08
Mercury in Tembowong and Tawun

Concentration of mercury (ppm) in Maximum

Sample the field survey (ppm)
TGP II TGP III TGP IV TW IV
LPQ 19.04 150.79 252.94 5.38
1 // 0 59.61 93.27 2.01 2.68
2
1 // 0.2 26.97 72.68 30.16 3.60
2 // 0 18.48 197.81 4.59 38.18
2 // 0.2 30.64 4.81 1.26 39.17
Mercury in Selodong

Concentration of mercury (ppm)

Sample
MHN SLD II SLD III SLD IV SLD V SLD VI SLD VII
LPQ 27.61 92.16 17.74 67.11 46.89 11.55 -
1 // 0 11.78 15.12 5.31 18.4 18.07 14.48 0.76
1 // 0.2 3.81 8.66 1.42 8.61 15.43 0.77 1.14
2 // 0 16.53 11.85 3.88 5.31 11.34 8.4 2.81
2 // 0.2 3.32 15.99 0.67 3.61 15.87 1.24 1.85

NAB: 2 ppm
Mercury in Blongas

Site
Sample Max
BLG I BLG II BLG III BLG IV BLG V BLG VI
LPQ 10.11 29.32 46.18 39.38 8.82 52.49
1 // 0 6.49 44.58 16.84 13.50 20.25 15.22
1 // 0.2 4.21 43.74 1.87 13.40 6.59 13.67 2
2 // 0 8.12 17.52 2.97 20.24 39.48 12.71
2 // 0.2 2.00 8.80 2.40 11.19 35.59 9.99
g. Mercury arround quarry

Concentration of mercury in leave (ppm) in Pelangan-Selindungan

Kadar merkuri (ppm)
Species Stasiun
Maximum
I IV
Cyperus rotundus 0.00591 0.04165
Eupatorium inulifolium 2.79813 0.08434 0.5*)
Tectona grandis 0.02848 -

Concentration of mercury in leave (ppm) in Tembowong and Tawun

Conc. mercury (ppm)
Maximum
Species
TGP I TGP III TW I TW III (ppm)

Cyperus rotundus 0,00349 0,59112 0,12202 0,22186

Eupatorium inulifolium 0,00274 - 0,99639 0,48976 0,5*)
Tectona grandis 0,07347 0,6199 0,94175 -

*) Dirjen POM : kadar merkuri dalam sayuran yang aman dikonsumsi

Mercury in elodong

Conc. mercury (ppm)

Species Site Maximum
I III
Cyperus rotundus 0.05253 1.99719
0,5*)
Eupatorium inulifolium 0.01663 0.73499
Tectona grandis 0.05875 2.63470

Mercury in Blongas
Conc. of mercury (ppm)
Maximum
Species Site
(ppm)
I III
Cyperus rotundus 0.02662 0.18159
Eupatorium inulifolium 0.00778 0.03193 0.5*)
Tectona grandis 0.00843 0.34219

*) Dirjen POM : kadar merkuri dalam sayuran yang aman dikonsumsi

 PAPER

SYSTEMATICS
1. Background
2. Emphirical Informations
3. Analysis
4. Discussion and Solutions
5. References

(Tandjung, 2012) 61
WRITTING

1. 5 pages
2. Font: Arial 11; space 1,5
3. Collect in 1 month
Reference in numbering systems

61
Example
1. Marschner, P. and Z. Rengel. 2007. Nutrient Cycling in
Terrestrial Ecosystems. Springer, Heidelber.
2. Susintowati dan S. Hadisusanto. 2014. Bioakumulasi
Merkuri dan Struktur Hepatopankreas Tarebralia
sulcata dan Nerita argus (Gastropoda:Molusca) di
Muara Sungai Lampon, Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur.
Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan . PSLH UGM. Vol.
21(1): 34-40.
3. Wilonoyudho, S. 2014. Migrasi dan Involusi di Kota
Semarang. Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan . PSLH
Vol. 21(1): 114-120.

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