Audio Watermarking

Technical Seminar Presentation 2004
Technology
Technology
Audio Watermarking
&&
Science
Science
Under the guidance of
Dr. Saroj Kumar Meher

ofof
Institute
Institute
Presented by
National
Suresh Chandra Martha

National
EC200118335
[1]
Technology
INTRODUCTION
Technology
 Digital Data can be shared by multiple users, distributed

over network, and managed for long period time without
&&
any damage.
Science
Science
 In contrast to these, the copyright protection problem

arises, since unauthorized copying and distribution of
digital data are simplified, too.
ofof
Institute
 As a result, a technique called digital watermarking is

Institute
introduced to protect the ownership of these contents.

National
National
[2]
AUDIO WATERMARKING
Technology
Technology
Whatwecandefine
&&
Digital Audio Watermarking is a technology to hide

Science
information in an audio file without the information being

Science
audible to the listener, and without affecting in any way the

audio quality of the original file.
ofof
Institute
AIMS AT
Institute
•Copy control of digital music

•Ownership identification
•
National
Enforcement of usage policy

National
•Fingerprinting
[3]
Technology
AUDIO WATERMARKING
Technology
CHARACTERISTICS
 Transparency: watermark is not detectable
&&
Science
 Robustness: survives digital processing (e.g.,

Science
compression) and malicious analytical attacks.

ofof
 Efficiency: low cost implementation using minimal

Institute
Institute
resources
 Independence: of both the type and format of multimedia

National
data (e.g., music, speech, video, sample rates, coding

National
scheme, ...)
[4]
Technology
CLASSIFICATION OF AUDIO WATERMARKING

Technology
Temporal watermarking
&&
Temporal watermarking hides watermarks directly into

Science
digital audio signals in the time domain.

Science
Spectral water-marking
ofof
The spectral audio watermarking applies certain

Institute
Institute
frequency transform, such as FFT, DCT, and DWT, etc, to

the data block of the audio signal, and hides the watermark
information Into the transformed data block.
National
National
[5]
Technology
AUDIO WATERMARKING SCHEMES

&&Technology
 DC level shifting
Science
Science
 QMF bank band division

ofof
Institute
 Frequency masking
Institute
 Spread spectrum
National
National
[6]
Technology
DC LEVEL SHIFTING
Technology
 Here watermark is embedded by shifting the DC level of the

audio signal.
 An input signal is divided into frames of fixed length.
&&
Science
 DC level of each frame =Mean of a frame-value in the

Science
frame
 After that a binary watermark sequence generated randomly
ofof
is introduced to the shifted signal. This is achieved by

Institute
Institute
introducing a DC offset level to each frame in the signal

according to the watermark bits.
National
 If the watermark bit is 0, the signal is shifted downward.

National
 If the watermark bit is 1, the signal is shifted upward.

Cont..
[7]
Technology
DC LEVEL SHIFTING
Technology
level0=-DCBiasMultiplier x FramePower
level1=+DCBiasMultiplier x FramePower
where
&&
Science
level0 ->DC level introduced when a watermark bit is 0

Science
level1 -> the DC level introduced when a watermark bit is 1.
 To extract a watermark, a watermarked signal is first

ofof
Institute
divided into frames. Then, the mean of each frame is

Institute
calculated. If the mean of a frame is positive, the

corresponding watermark bit is 1. Else, the watermark bit is
0.
National
National
 The original signal and watermark is not needed in the

extraction process. Therefore, DC level shifting is a blind
watermarking scheme
[8]
Technology
BandDivisionBasedonQuadratureMirrorFilter(QMF)Bank
National
National Institute ofof
Institute &&
Science
Science Technology
Cont..
[9]
National
National Institute
Institute ofof Science
Science && Technology
Technology
Cont..
[10]
Technology
WATERMARKED SIGNAL EXTRACTION USING QMF

Technology
 Watermarked signal is filtered by the analysis filter bank and

the low frequency watermarked band is extracted out.
&&
 The modified MDCT coefficients are calculated out and

Science
watermark can be determined by rounding the coefficients and

Science
observe whether coefficients are even or odd.

Watermark is 1 when coefficients are odd.
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Watermark is 0 when coefficients are even.

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This technique has a

 High signal to noise ratio
National
National
 The rate of detection or bit error rate is very high
[11]
Technology
FREQUENCY MASKING
Technology
 Watermarkinginvolves hidingafaint but audiblesoundunder another
louder sound(original sound), sothe faint soundbecomes inaudible
anditactsasawatermarkfortheoriginal sound.
&&
Science
 Watermark is generated firstly by creating a pseudo-noise sequence

Science
(PNsequence)fromashift register. Theshift registerconsistsof m flip-

ofof
flopswithamaximumperiodof(2 m)–1.
Institute
Institute
 PNsequence is filtered along with the filter that approximates the
frequency characteristics of the human auditory system (HAS).

National
National
Consequently, it is put through to the time domain for temporal

Cont..
masking.
[12]
Technology
Technology
 The frequency masking algorithm is robust to coding, multiple

watermarking, and resampling.
&&
 Different watermark can be embedded by this algorithm into

Science
the same signal and is easy to detect by the owner.

Science
 The detection scheme for this algorithm needs the original

ofof
input signal, which is not flexible

Institute
Institute
 From the extraction scheme, frequency masking is a private

watermarking.
National
National
[13]
SPREAD SPECTRUM
&&
Science Technology
Technology
Where
Science
wi is element of watermark
y is the watermarked signal
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A correlation detector is carried out to detect the presence of the

Institute
watermark and is described by Eqn

National
National Institute
where N is vector cardinality

Cont..
[14]
Technology
SPREAD SPECTRUM
Technology
While x can be modelled as Gaussian random vector, the

normalised correlation test is described as Eqn
&&
Science
C 1
Q= = p+ ( 0, σNx/ )
Science
N
N∆^2 ∆
ofof
If p = 1, watermark is present
Institute
If p=0, watermark is not present

National
National Institute
[15]
DC level shifting algorithm
ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS TECHNIQUES
Technology
Technology
Therobustnesslevel for theDClevel shiftingispoor, the watermark
can be easily removed by altering the DClevels of the signal and the watermark is
destroyed.
&&
Science
Science
FrequencyMasking
This methodis not robust tofilteringbecausewatermarkis embedded
ofof
toall frequencybands.
Institute
AttackbyhighpassfilterMPEGcanerasethewatermark.
Institute
SpreadSpectrum&BandDivisionBasedOnQMF
National
National
Boththebanddivisionmethodandthespreadspectrummethodare
capable of defendingagainst the MP3compression, but the spread Cospnectru

t.. m
hasabetterdetectionratethanthebanddivisionmethod.
[16]
Technology
The implementation steps for spread spectrumare more complicated. This

Technology
makesithardtohackandbreakdownthealgorithm.
BandDivisionBasedOnQMF
&&
Science
Science
Band division technology performs extraction scheme with no original
signal require attacksarestill not upgradedtohackdown thisaudiowatermarking

ofof
technology.
National
National Institute
Institute
[17]
Technology
Technology
CONCLUSION
 Watermark can be embedded in an audio signal without
being recognized by hearing and the perceptibility
&&
requirement is fulfilled .
Science
Science
 Extraction can be done without the presence of the original

signal and the watermark itself, so can be classified as blind
ofof
or public watermarking.
Institute
Institute
Thank You !!!

National
National
[18]
National
National Institute
Institute ofof Science
Science && Technology
Technology
QUESTIONS??
[19]

Audio Watermarking

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Technical Seminar Presentation 2004

Under the guidance of

Dr. Saroj Kumar Meher

Suresh Chandra Martha

 Digital Data can be shared by multiple users, distributed

 In contrast to these, the copyright protection problem

 As a result, a technique called digital watermarking is

introduced to protect the ownership of these contents.

Digital Audio Watermarking is a technology to hide

information in an audio file without the information being

audible to the listener, and without affecting in any way the

•Copy control of digital music

Enforcement of usage policy

 Robustness: survives digital processing (e.g.,

compression) and malicious analytical attacks.

 Efficiency: low cost implementation using minimal

 Independence: of both the type and format of multimedia

data (e.g., music, speech, video, sample rates, coding

CLASSIFICATION OF AUDIO WATERMARKING

Temporal watermarking hides watermarks directly into

digital audio signals in the time domain.

The spectral audio watermarking applies certain

frequency transform, such as FFT, DCT, and DWT, etc, to

AUDIO WATERMARKING SCHEMES

 QMF bank band division

 Here watermark is embedded by shifting the DC level of the

 DC level of each frame =Mean of a frame-value in the

is introduced to the shifted signal. This is achieved by

introducing a DC offset level to each frame in the signal

 If the watermark bit is 0, the signal is shifted downward.

 If the watermark bit is 1, the signal is shifted upward.

level0 ->DC level introduced when a watermark bit is 0

level1 -> the DC level introduced when a watermark bit is 1.

 To extract a watermark, a watermarked signal is first

divided into frames. Then, the mean of each frame is

calculated. If the mean of a frame is positive, the

 The original signal and watermark is not needed in the

WATERMARKED SIGNAL EXTRACTION USING QMF

 Watermarked signal is filtered by the analysis filter bank and

 The modified MDCT coefficients are calculated out and

watermark can be determined by rounding the coefficients and

observe whether coefficients are even or odd.

Watermark is 0 when coefficients are even.

This technique has a

 The rate of detection or bit error rate is very high

 Watermarkinginvolves hidingafaint but audiblesoundunder another

louder sound(original sound), sothe faint soundbecomes inaudible

 Watermark is generated firstly by creating a pseudo-noise sequence

(PNsequence)fromashift register. Theshift registerconsistsof m flip-

 PNsequence is filtered along with the filter that approximates the

frequency characteristics of the human auditory system (HAS).

Consequently, it is put through to the time domain for temporal

 The frequency masking algorithm is robust to coding, multiple

 Different watermark can be embedded by this algorithm into

the same signal and is easy to detect by the owner.

 The detection scheme for this algorithm needs the original

input signal, which is not flexible

 From the extraction scheme, frequency masking is a private

A correlation detector is carried out to detect the presence of the

watermark and is described by Eqn

where N is vector cardinality

While x can be modelled as Gaussian random vector, the

If p=0, watermark is not present