PM Dr.

Patricia Anthony
Computer Science Program
School of Engineering and Information Technology
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
 Introduction
 The Role of Referencing
 When to Reference
 The model texts
 How to Reference
 The Gaya UMS Referencing System
(Art/Social Science)
 The Gaya UMS Referencing System (Science)
 Conclusion
 using the words or ideas of others is not
acceptable unless you reference those ideas
 you must show the readers whose words and
ideas are being used and where those words
or ideas can be found
 If you do not do this, you are, in effect,
stealing other people's ideas (plagiarism)
 Students often get mixed up and confused by
the difference between references and
reference lists.
A reference is the bracketed or footnoted
piece of information within the text that
provides an acknowledgment that we are
using someone else's ideas.
 A reference list should be attached to the
end of the text. It provides the full
bibliographic information for each of the
sources we have referenced within the text.
 itinforms the reader of the source of your
ideas so that he or she can distinguish
between your words and ideas and those of
others.
 accurate referencing and lists of references
are necessary to allow the reader to evaluate
the information and read further into the
area.
 when you have included an idea in your essay
or report which is not your own original idea
and which is not common knowledge
 You must reference the idea whether you
have presented the idea in the author's
original words, as a quote, or have
paraphrased or summarised the author's idea
into your own words.
 You don't need to include a reference when
the idea or concept is common knowledge in
your discipline.
 Includingreferenced evidence increases the
formality of a text
The inequity in the distribution of wealth in Australia is yet another
indicator of Australia's lack of egalitarianism. In 1995, 20% of the
Australian population owned 72.2% of Australia's wealth with the top
50% owning 92.1% (Raskall 1998, p287). Such a significant skew in
the distribution of wealth indicates that, at least in terms of economics,
there is an established class system in Australia. McGregor (1988)
argues that Australian society can be categorised into three levels: the
Upper, Middle and Working classes. In addition, it has been shown that
most Australians continue to remain in the class into which they were
born (McGregor 1988, p156) despite arguments about the ease of
social mobility in Australian society (Fitzpatrick, 1994). The issue of
class and its inherent inequity, however, is further compounded by
factors such as race and gender within and across these class
divisions.

The relative disadvantage of women with regard to their earnings and

levels of asset ownership indicates that within classes there is further
economic inequity based on gender...
Because only a few people have most of the money and power in
Australia, I conclude that it is not an equal society. Society has an
Upper, Middle and Lower class and I think that most people when they
are born into one class, end up staying in that class for their whole
lives. When all three classes are looked at more closely, other things
such as the differences between the sexes and people's racial
backgrounds also add to the unequal nature of Australian society.

Women earn less than men and own less than men. Why is this so?

Including referenced evidence increases the

formality of a text
 several referencing systems
 differ in two ways:
 the format of the references
 the location of the references
 acknowledging sources is extremely
important
 consistency in referencing format is essential

No matter what referencing system you adopt, you

must use it consistently and correctly throughout
your whole piece of writing.
 In-text referencing
 incorporates information on the author of the
material cited and the date of publication within
the body of the text
 Full bibliographic information for each of the
sources referred to is provided in a reference list
at the end
 the notation system
 places reference information either at the
bottom of the page (footnotes), or at the end of
the text (endnotes)
Camperdown Cemetery in Newtown, Sydney is considered one of Australia's most
historically significant cemeteries (Lucas, 1999). The cemetery contains the remains of
many influential people who played an important role in the early history of Sydney and
Australia; the land was already associated with famous Australians before it became a
cemetery (Gledhill, 1927, p1). A total of 12 acres, 3 roods of land were donated by the
estate of Sir Maurice Charles O'Connell, a Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, on
September 23, 1848 (Gledhill, 1927, p1). The land, a portion of Camperdown Estate,
was originally part of the 240-acre land grant of William Bligh, former Governor of the
colony of New South Wales (King, 1934, p8). The cemetery served as one of Sydney's
principal burial grounds from its opening, in 1849, until 1867 (King, 1934, p4).

Reference List
Gledhill, P.W., Camperdown Churchyard, Church Street Newtown: An Appeal for the
Restoration and Upkeep of the Historic Cemetery, The Board of Trustees, Camperdown
Cemetery, Newtown, 1927.

Lucas, C. (updated 10 December, 1999, accessed 10 May, 1999), State Heritage, State
Heritage Inventory - Item View, http://www.interimtechnology.com.au/herit/item.html

King, M., Prominent Australians and Importance of Camperdown Cemetery, NSW, Albert
Holmes, Newtown, 1934.
Camperdown Cemetery in Newtown, Sydney is considered one of Australia's most
historically significant cemeteries2. The cemetery contains the remains of many
influential people who played an important role in the early history of Sydney and
Australia; the land was already associated with famous Australians before it became a
cemetery3. A total of 12 acres, 3 roods of land were donated by the estate of Sir
Maurice Charles O'Connell, a Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, on September
23, 18484. The land, a portion of Camperdown Estate, was originally part of the 240-
acre land grant of William Bligh, former Governor of the colony of New South Wales5.
The cemetery served as one of Sydney's principal burial grounds from its opening, in
1849, until 18676.
Reference List
2C. Lucas. State Heritage, State Heritage Inventory - Item View,
http://www.interimtechnology.com.au/herit/item.html (updated 10 December, 1999,
accessed 10 May, 1999).
3 P.W. Gledhill, Camperdown Churchyard, Church Street Newtown: An Appeal for the

Restoration and Upkeep of the Historic Cemetery, Newtown, 1927, p.1.

4 ibid.
5 M. King, Prominent Australians and Importance of Camperdown Cemetery, Newtown,

1934, p.8.
6 ibid., p. 4.
Camperdown Cemetery in Newtown, Sydney is considered one of Australia's most
historically significant cemeteries i . The cemetery contains the remains of many
influential people who played an important role in the early history of Sydney and
Australia; the land was already associated with famous Australians before it became a
cemeteryii. A total of 12 acres, 3 roods of land were donated by the estate of Sir
Maurice Charles O'Connell, a Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, on September
23, 1848iii. The land, a portion of Camperdown Estate, was originally part of the 240-
acre land grant of William Bligh, former Governor of the colony of New South Walesiv.
The cemetery served as one of Sydney's principal burial grounds from its opening, in
1849, until 1867v.
Reference List
iC. Lucas. State Heritage, State Heritage Inventory - Item View,
http://www.interimtechnology.com.au/heritventory/search/item.html (updated 10
December, 1999, accessed 10 May, 1999).
iiP. W. Gledhill, Camperdown Churchyard, Church Street Newtown: An Appeal for the

Restoration and Upkeep of the Historic Cemetery, Newtown, 1927, p.1.

iiiibid
ivM. King, Prominent Australians and Importance of Camperdown Cemetery, Newtown,

1934, p.8.
vibid., p. 4.
 Author, date and page number
 Author in the middle or at the end of the
sentence:
(Williams, 2006: 34)
 Author is used to begin the sentence
Williams (2006: 34)
 Two or more authors
(Adams et al., 2006: 35)
 2 authors with the same year of publications
(Cheah 2005a: 77)
(Cheah 2005b: 118)
 Malay author
(Ahmat Adam, 2005: 23)
 Author with unknown year of publication
(Chye Fook Yee, t.th.: 7)
 Multiple references
(Ahmat Adam, 2006: 35; Mohd Sarim Mustajab, 2006:
56)
 Same author with different same year of publications
(Cheah 2005a: 77, 2005b: 118)
 Without author
(Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa 1976, 2001: 3;
Seventh Day Adventist Encyclopaedia, 1966:45)
Footnotes and endnotes
 a number is placed in superscript within the text, and
the full reference (including all bibliographic details)
is placed either at the bottom of the page
(footnotes), or at the end of the piece of work
(endnotes).
 A full reference list should also be provided at the
end of the assignment.
 the first footnote or an endnote reference to a
source should contain all the bibliographic
information necessary to identify it.
 The second and subsequent references to a
particular source may be abbreviated in two ways:
by abbreviating the information of the first citation
or by using Latin abbreviations such as ibid and
op.cit..
Footnotes and endnotes
 Abbreviated information:
1. Y. Anzai and H. A. Simon. The theory of learning by
doing. Psychological Review, 86, 124-180, 1979, p.
126
2. Anzai & Simon, p. 178
 Iftwo works of the author are referred to,
however, more information will be required; for
example,
1. A. Baddeley, Human Memory: Theory and Practice,
Allyn and Bacon, Boston,1990.
2. A. Baddeley, ‘Working memory’, Science , vol. 255,
pp.556-559, 1992.
3. Baddeley, Human Memory, p. 345.
Footnotes and endnotes
 Latin abbreviations: ibid is the abbreviation of
ibidem and means 'in the same place'. You use
ibid for a reference entry when the citation is
the same as the previous footnote or endnote.
If the page number is different, you include the
page number of the new entry after ibid. ibid
saves you writing out the full reference again;
for example,
1. Y. Anzai and H. A. Simon. The theory of learning by
doing. Psychological Review, 86, 124-180, 1979, p.
126
2. ibid.
3. ibid., p.157.
Footnotes and endnotes
 Latin abbreviations: op.cit. is an abbreviation
of opere citato that means 'in the work cited'.
op.cit. is used together with the author’s name
and page number when the full reference has
already been cited.
1. Y. Anzai and H. A. Simon. The theory of learning by
doing. Psychological Review, 86, 124-180, 1979, p.
126
2. J. R. Anderson. Cognitive psychology and its
implications, 2nd edn, Freeman, New York, 1985, p.
234
3. Anzai and Simon, op. cit., p. 157
4. Anderson, op. cit., p. 36
Footnotes and endnotes
 Footnote numbering can run:
 through a whole document
 begin afresh at each chapter
 begin afresh at each page.
 Endnote numbering can run:
 through a whole document
 begin afresh at each chapter
 Footnotes or endnotes should be placed at the
end of a sentence or clause rather than
immediately after the word or phrase to which
they relate (this reduces disruption to the
reader).
 Author in the middle or at the end of the
sentence:
(Williams, 1965)
 Author is used to begin the sentence
Williams (2006)
 Two authors
Mariam & Chee (2006)
 More than 2 authors
(Adams et al., 1994)
 Author with multiple articles in a year
(Cheah, 1998a)
(Cheah, 1998b)
 Malay Author
(Ahmad, 1992)
 Unknown year of publication
(Ong, t.th.)
 More than 2 references
(Ahmat, 1992; Mohd Sarim, 1995)
 Same author from different references
(Cheah, 1998a, 1998b)
 Unknown author
(Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa 1976,
2001)
 Based on APA Style (American Psychological
Association)
 References items are listed alphabetically at
the end of the thesis
 These same items are referred to in the body
of the paper using In-Text style.
Reference: Komisar, L. 1991. The new
feminism. New York: Franklin
Watts.

In-Text: (Komisar, 1991)

Reference: Strunk, W. Jr., White, E. B. 1979.
The elements of style (3rd
Ed.). New York: Macmillan

In-Text: (Strunk & White, 1979)

(Strunk, White, & Smith, 1979)
(Strunk et al., 1979)
Reference: Roll, W. P. 1976. ESP and
memory. In J.M.O. Wheatley
& H.L. Edge (Eds.),
Philosophical dimensions of
parapsychology (pp.154-
184). Springfield, IL
American Psychiatric Press.

In-Text: (Roll, 1976)

Reference: Maki, R. H. 1982. Categorization
effects which occur in
comparative judgment
tasks. Memory & Cognition,
10, 252-264.
In-Text: (Maki, 1982)
Reference: Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R.M.
1971. The control of short-
term memory. Scientific
American, 225, 82-90.

In-Text: (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1971)

(Smith, Zappella, Rosen, Gustman,
& Rock, 1994)
(Smith et al., 1994)
Reference: Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R.M.
1971. The control of short-
term memory. Scientific
American, 225, 82-90.

In-Text: (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1971)

(Smith, Zappella, Rosen, Gustman,
& Rock, 1994)
(Smith et al., 1994)
 General rules:
 all the elements (except the author's initials and
the year) are separated by commas
 the author's surname appears first followed by
the author's initials, separated by a comma
 authors initials are followed by a full stop but no
spacing
 the citation ends in a full stop