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Source of energy
Optimal temperature
Optimal pH
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Oxygen Requirements
4- Facultative anaerobes
• can shift their metabolism (anaerobic if oxygen
is absent or aerobic if oxygen is present);
• ex. E. coli, Staphylococcus
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5- Microaerophilic bacteria
• grow well in low oxygen concentrations and higher
carbon dioxide
concentrations; ex.
Campylobacter & Heliobacter pylori
• killed by higher concentrations of oxygen
• mixture of 5 % O2 ,
10 % CO2 and 85 % N2
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Why is oxygen is harmful?
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The requirements for growth
SOD CATALASE
Obligate aerobes Obligate aerobes
Facultative anaerobes Facultative anaerobes
Aerotolerant anaerobes (not aerotolerant
(Not obligate anaerobes)
anaerobes) (Not obligate
(Usually not in anaerobes)
microaerophiles) (Usually not in
microaerophiles)
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Anaerobic Bacteria
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Categories Based Upon Oxygen Requirements
• Aerobic bacteria
Require oxygen as electron acceptor
• Microaerophilic bacteria
Require oxygen in reduced quantity (2-10%)
• Capnophilic bacteria
Require carbon dioxide
• Facultative bacteria
Grow either with or without oxygen
• Anaerobic bacteria
Both obligate and aerotolerant
(Aerotolerant do not use aerobic metabolism but have
some enzymes that detoxify toxic forms of oxygen)
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Physiology And Growth Conditions
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Anaerobic bacteria
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Ability of anaerobes to tolerate oxygen or
grow in its presence varies from species to
species. Most anaerobic clinical isolates are
moderately obligate anaerobes, and have small
amount of both catalase and superoxide
dismutase.
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Methods for excluding oxygen
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Gas Pack System
2- A: Anaerobic Jar
Inoculate FTM tube :
B. subtilis or P. aeruginosa (strict aerobes)
S. pyogenes (microaerophile)
E. coli (facultative anaerobe)
C. sporogenes (strict anaerobe)
Place in anaerobic jar with lighted candle &
seal jar
Incubate overnight at 37C
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Anaerobic Jar
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Anaerobic Jar
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2-C: Candle jars
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Growing Microaerophilic Microbes
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3: Anaerobic Chambers
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Anaerobic Bacteria Of Clinical Importance
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End of lecture
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