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LEARNING

(CHAPTER 9)
Nature and Meaning of Learning

• Gift of man, the foundation of his activities and the primary


evidence of his rational nature(Bucu and others, 1993).
• Relatively permanent change, an immediate or potential
behavior or mental process that results from past experience
or practice(Dizon and others, 2003).
• A relatively permanent change, a behavior that results from
practice(Atkinson, 1190).
• A form of adaptation, mode of adjustment and a change in
behavior(Sanchez,2002).
Four Concepts of Learning

• Learning is a complex process


• Learning produces change in behavior
• Change is relatively permanent in the
individual’s behavior
• Learning is the result of interaction of the
individual with the environment
Classical Conditioning

• This is the simplest process of explaining how


learning takes place that invloves the
association between the stimulus and
response.
Basic Principles of Classical
Conditioning
• Principle of Acquisition or Excitation

• Principle of Extinction

• Principle of spontaneous recovery


Operant Conditioning or
Instrumental
• The learning is active, since the learner is this
the one acting and discovering how his
behavior affects the environment.
• It is called Operant.
Edward Lee Thorndike

Conducted an
experiment to
explain operant
conditioning
using Hungry
Cat.
Burrhus Frederic Skinner

Conducted an
experiment using
Hungry Rat.
Four Principles of Operant
Conditioning
• The Principle of Reinforcement
– is the process by which a stimulus increases the
chances that the preceding behavior will occur
again.
– In operant conditioning, it matters little why the
person or animal makes the first response that is
reinforced.
• Principle of Shaping
– Shapes or conditions the natural variations in the
animals (even human beings) action to produce a
newly desired behavior.
• Principle of Punishment
– the aversive stimulus ( spanking, whipping,
removal of an award) decreases the strength of
the response or maintain it on a lower level.
– Opposite of the Reinforcement
• Principle of Spontaneous Recovery
– Responses decrease until it returns to its
predetermined frequency.
– If a behavior can be shaped, it can also be
extinguished.
Cognitive Learninng
• Cognition- refers to the
organism’s mode of
evaluating its
environment to predict
and regulate
subsequent
interactions.
Three types of Cognitive
Learning

1. Insight Learning- when a learner has


discovered the relationship that leads to the
solution of a problem, it means he has
learned.
Insight- a form of discovering, learning which
results in finding a solution and
understanding why the solution works
2. Concept Learning- learning to generalize and
discriminate similarities and differences are
important process of concept learning.
Concepts- generalized symbolic responses to
represent similar stimuli or situations.
- it is either abstract or concrete.
3. Observational Learning- this type does not
involve the senses but also the mental
processes such as perception, imagination,
memory, judgment and imitation.
- learning by modeling or imitation is
one of the aspects of observational
learning.
FACTORS AFFECTING
LEARNING
• Environmental Conditions- can enhance or
limit learning ability. A conductive learning
environment can motivate a learner to learn.
• Health of a learner- a healthy individual can
concentrate in learning than one who is sickly.
• Attitude of the learner- an individual with a
good attitude of learning will have a better
learning perspective than one with a poor
attitude of learning.
GROUP 3 

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