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Documente Cultură
(CHAPTER 9)
Nature and Meaning of Learning
• Principle of Extinction
Conducted an
experiment to
explain operant
conditioning
using Hungry
Cat.
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Conducted an
experiment using
Hungry Rat.
Four Principles of Operant
Conditioning
• The Principle of Reinforcement
– is the process by which a stimulus increases the
chances that the preceding behavior will occur
again.
– In operant conditioning, it matters little why the
person or animal makes the first response that is
reinforced.
• Principle of Shaping
– Shapes or conditions the natural variations in the
animals (even human beings) action to produce a
newly desired behavior.
• Principle of Punishment
– the aversive stimulus ( spanking, whipping,
removal of an award) decreases the strength of
the response or maintain it on a lower level.
– Opposite of the Reinforcement
• Principle of Spontaneous Recovery
– Responses decrease until it returns to its
predetermined frequency.
– If a behavior can be shaped, it can also be
extinguished.
Cognitive Learninng
• Cognition- refers to the
organism’s mode of
evaluating its
environment to predict
and regulate
subsequent
interactions.
Three types of Cognitive
Learning