Strength Design Method

of ACI 318

Portland Cement Association

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 Outline
 Strength Design Requirements
 Analysis Methods

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 Design Standard
 Building Code
Requirements for
Structural Concrete
(ACI 318-05) and
Commentary
(ACI 318R-05)

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Strength Design
Requirements

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 Strength Requirements
 Design Strength  Required Strength
 Design Strength = Strength Reduction
Factor (f)  Nominal Strength
 Required Strength = Load Factor  Service
Load Effects

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 Strength Requirements
 Section 9.3 – Strength Reduction Factor (f)
 Understrength of a member
 Inaccuracies in the design equations
 Degree of ductility and required reliability of the
loaded member
 Importance of the member in the structure

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Strength Requirements
 Section 9.3 – f
Strength Tension-controlled 0.90
Reduction Compression-
0.70
Factor (f) controlled (spiral)
Compression-
0.65
controlled (other)

Shear and torsion 0.75

Bearing 0.65

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 Strength Requirements
 Nominal Strength
 Strength of a member or cross-section
calculated using assumptions and strength
equations of the Strength Design Method

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 Strength Requirements
 Load Factor
 Overload factor due to probable variation
of service loads
 Service loads
 Loads specified by the general building code
(unfactored)

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Strength Requirements
 Load types
 Dead (D)  Wind (W)
 Live (L)  Seismic (E)
 Roof live (Lr)  Soil (H)
 Snow (S)  Fluid (F)
 Rain (R)  Temperature, creep,
shrinkage (T)

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 Strength Requirements
 Section 9.2 – Load combinations

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Section 9.2 – Load Combinations

 U = 1.4(D + F)
 U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
 U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) +(1.0L or 0.8W)
 U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
 U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
 U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H

 U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

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 Required Strength
 Mu = factored moment (required flexural strength)
 Pu = factored axial force (required axial load
strength) at a given eccentricity
 Vu = factored shear force (required shear
strength)
 Tu = factored torsional moment (required torsional
strength)

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 Nominal Strength
 Mn = nominal flexural strength
 Pn = nominal axial strength at a given
eccentricity
 Vn = nominal shear strength
 Vc = nominal shear strength provided by
concrete
 Vs = nominal shear strength provided by shear
reinforcement
 Tn = nominal torsional moment strength
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 Design Strength
 fMn = design flexural strength
 fPn = design axial strength at a given
eccentricity
 fVn = design shear strength = f(Vc + Vs)
 fTn = design torsional moment strength

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 Strength Requirements
 fMn ≥ Mu
 fPn ≥ Pu
 fVn = f(Vc + Vs) ≥ Vu
 fTn ≥ Tu

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Analysis Methods

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 Analysis Methods
 Chapter 8 – Analysis and Design –
General Considerations
 Section 8.2 – Loading
 Service loads shall be in accordance with the
general building code
 Wind, seismic, etc.

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 ASCE 7
 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures

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Section 8.3 – Methods of
Analysis
 All members shall be designed for the
maximum effects of factored loads as
determined by the theory of elastic
analysis
 Assumptions specified in Sections 8.6
through 8.9

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 Section 8.6 – Stiffness
 Any set of reasonable assumptions is
permitted for computing relative flexural
and torsional stiffnesses

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 Section 8.6 – Stiffness
 Braced frames
 Use gross EcI values for all members
 Use half of gross EcI of the beam stem for
beams and gross EcI for columns

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 Section 8.6 – Stiffness
 Sway frames
 Guidance for the choice of EcI is given in
Section R10.11.1

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 Section 8.6 – Stiffness
 Tables 2-7 and 2-8 in PCA Simplified
Design – Reinforced Concrete Buildings
of Moderate Size and Height
 Simple determination of flexural stiffness

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 Section 8.6 – Stiffness
 Torsional Stiffness
 Equilibrium torsion
 Compatibility torsion

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Section 8.7 – Span Length
 Analysis of frames or continuous
construction for determination of moments
 Span length = center-to-center of supports

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Section 8.7 – Span Length
 For beams built integrally with supports, it
is permitted to design the beams based
on the moments at the faces of the
supports

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 Section 8.8 – Columns
 Designed to resist factored axial forces
and bending moments

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 Section 8.8 – Columns
 Frames or continuous construction
 Effects of unbalanced floor or roof loads
 Eccentric loading due to other causes

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 Section 8.8 – Columns
 Gravity load moments
 Far ends of columns fixed

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 Section 8.8 – Columns
 Resistance to moments
 Moments distributed above and below the
floor in proportion to column stiffness and
end restraint

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Section 8.9 – Arrangement of
Live Load

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Section 8.9 – Arrangement of
Live Load

Live Load
2nd

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Section 8.9 – Arrangement of
Live Load

Fixed (typ.)

2nd

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Section 8.9 – Arrangement of
Live Load
 Critical set of design forces
 Based on effects of live load
 Factored dead load on all spans with full
factored live load on two adjacent spans
 Factored dead load on all spans with full
factored live load on alternate spans

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 Loading pattern for
D+L D D+L negative moment at
support A and positive
A B C D
moment in span AB

Loading pattern for

D+L D negative moment at
A B C D support B

Loading pattern for

D D+L D positive moment in
A B C D span BC

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Section 8.3 – Methods of
Analysis
 Approximate method of analysis is
permitted
 Not permitted for prestressed concrete

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Section 8.3.3 – Approximate
Method

Uniformly distributed load (L/D 3)

Prismatic
 1.2n n members
Two or more spans

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Section 8.3.3 – Approximate
Method
wu

Integral with Simple

support support
n n n

Positive
1/14 1/16 1/11 Moment
x w  2
u n
Spandrel
support 1/24 1/10* 1/11 1/11 1/10* 0 Negative
Moment
Column
support
1/16 *1/9 (2 spans) x wun2

Shear
1/2 1.15/2 1/2 1/2 1.15/2 1/2
x w 
u n

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More Information

www.cement.org/buildings

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