Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
consumior
Capítulo 21
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A teoria da escolha do consumidor trata
das seguintes questões:
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A restrição orçamentária
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A restrição orçamentária
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Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved
A opontunidades dos
consumidores
Litros de Number of Spending Spending Total
Pepsi Pizzas on Pepsi on Pizza Spending
0 100 $ 0 $1,000 $1,000
50 90 100 900 1,000
100 80 200 800 1,000
150 70 300 700 1,000
200 60 400 600 1,000
250 50 500 500 1,000
300 40 600 400 1,000
350 30 700 300 1,000
400 20 800 200 1,000
450 10 900 100 1,000
500 0 1,000 0 1,000
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A restrição orçamentária do
consumidor
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A restrição orçamentária do
consumidor
Quantity
of Pepsi
500 B
Consumer’s
budget constraint
A
0 100 Quantity
of Pizza
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A restrição orçamentária do
consumidor
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A restrição orçamentária do
consumidor
Quantity
of Pepsi
B
500
C
250
Consumer’s
budget constraint
A
0 50 100 Quantity
of Pizza
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A restrição orçamentária do
consumidor
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Preferências:
O que o consumidor quer
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Representando Preferencias com
Curvas de indiferença
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Preferências do consumidor
Quantidade
de Pepsi
B D
I2
A Indiferença
curva, I1
0 Quantidade
de Pizza
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As preferências do consumidor
O consumidor é indiferente ou
igualmente feliz, com as combinações
mostradas nos pontos A, B, e C porque
eles estão todos na mesma curva.
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A taxa marginal de substituição
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As preferências do consumidor
Quantidade
de Pepsi
B D
MRS I2
1
A Indiferença
curva, I1
0 Quantidade
de Pizza
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Propriedade das curvas de
indiferença
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Propriedade 1: curvas de indiferença
mais elevadas são as preferidas
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Propriedade 1: curvas de indiferença
mais elevadas são as preferidas
Quantidade
de Pepsi
B D
I2
A Indiferença
curva, I1
0 Quantidade
De Pizza
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Propriedade 2: As curvas de
indiferença se inclinam para baixo
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Propriedade 2: As curvas de indiferença
se inclinam para baixo.
Quantity
of Pepsi
Indifference
curve, I1
0 Quantity
of Pizza
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Propriedade 3: As curvas de
indiferença não se cruzam.
0 Quantity
of Pizza
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Propriedade 4: As curvas de
indiferença são inclinadas para dentro.
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Propriedade 4: As curvas de
indiferença são inclinadas para dentro.
Quantity
of Pepsi
14
MRS = 6
8 A
1
4 MRS = 1 B
3 Indifference
1
curve
0 2 3 6 7 Quantity
of Pizza
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Dois exemplos extremos de
curvas de indiferença
substitutos
perfeitos
complementos perfeitos
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Substitutos perfeitos
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Substitutos perfeitos
Nickels
I1 I2 I3
0 1 2 3 Dimes
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Complementos perfeitos
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Complementos perfeitos
Left
Shoes
I2
7
5 I1
0 5 7 Right Shoes
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Otimização: O que o consumidor
escolhe
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Otimização: O que o consumidor
escolhe
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Escolha ótima do Consumidor
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Escolha ótima do Consumidor
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Ótimo do Consumidor
Quantity
of Pepsi
Ótimo
B
A
I3
I2
I1
restrição orçamentária
0 Quantity
of Pizza
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Como as mudanças na renda
afetam as escolhas do consumidor
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Novo ótimo
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Initial
budget
constraint I1 I2
0 Quantity
2. ... pizza consumption rises, of Pizza
making pizza a normal good...
Como as mudanças em preços
afetam as escolhas dos
consumidores
A queda no preço de qualquer
bem desloca a restrição de
orçamento para fora e muda a
inclinação da restrição
orçamentária.
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Initial budget I1
constraint
0 100 Quantity of Pizza
2. …reducing pizza consumption…
Efeitos Renda e Substituição
Um efeito de renda
Um efeito de substituição
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O efeito Renda
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O efeito Substituição
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Uma alteração no preço:
Efeito de Substituição
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Uma alteração no preço:
Efeito Renda
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C New optimum
Income effect B
Initial optimum
Substitution
effect
I2
A
Initial I1
budget
constraint 0 Quantity of Pizza
Substitution effect
Income effect
Efeitos renda e substituição quando o
preço da Pepsi cai
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Derivação da curva de demanda
A curva de demanda do
consumidor pode ser vista como um
resumo das decisões ótimas que
surgem de restrição orçamentária e
curvas de indiferença.
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Derivando a Curva de Demanda...
(a) The Consumer’s Optimum (b) The Demand Curve for Pepsi
Quantity
of Pepsi Price of
New budget constraint
Pepsi
B $2
A
150
I2
1
B
A
50 I1
0 0
Quantity 50 150 Quantity
Initial budget of Pizza of Pepsi
constraint
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Todas as curvas de Demanda tem
inclinação Negativa?
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Bem de Giffen
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A decisão Trabalho - Lazer
Consumo
$5,000
Optimum
I3
2,000
I2
I1
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Um aumento no salário ...
(a) For a person with these . . . the labor supply curve slopes
Consumption
preferences… upward.
Wage
1. When the
wage rises…
I2
BC1
BC2
I1
0 0
Hours of Hours of Labor
Leisure
2. …hours of leisure decrease… Supplied
3. ...and hours of labor increase.
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Um aumento no salário ...
(b) For a person with these . . . the labor supply curve slopes
Consumption
preferences… backward.
Wage
BC2
1. When the
wage rises…
BC1 I2
I1
0 0
Hours of Hours of Labor
Leisure Supplied
2. …hours of leisure increase… 3. ...and hours of labor decrease.
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Como as taxas de juros afetam a
poupança das famílias?
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A decisão de Consumo e poupança..
Consumption
when Old Budget
constraint
$110,000
55,000 Optimum
I3
I2
I1
0 $50,000 100,000 Consumption
when Young
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Consumption
BC2 Raises Saving Lowers Saving
when Old
when Old
BC2
1. A higher
1. A higher
interest rate
interest rate
rotates the
rotates the
budget constraint
budget constraint
outward...
outward...
BC1 I2
BC1 I2
I1
I1
0 0
Consumption Hours of
2. …resulting in lower when Young 2. …resulting in higher Leisure
consumption when young consumption when young
and, thus, higher saving. and, thus, lower saving.
Como as taxas de juros afetam a
poupança das famílias?
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Os pobres preferem
transferências em dinheiro ou em
espécie,?
Se uma transferência em espécie força o
destinatário a consumir mais do bem do
que ele faria por si próprio, então o
destinatário prefere a transferência em
dinheiro.
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Os pobres preferem
transferências em dinheiro ou em
espécie?
Se o destinatário não consumir mais do
bem, do que ele faria por si próprio,
então a transferência de dinheiro e em
espécie têm exatamente o mesmo efeito
sobre o seu consumo e bem-estar.
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Transferências em Dinheiro
contra Espécie...
(a) The Constraint Is Not Binding
BC1 BC1
B B
I2 I2
$1,000 $1,000
A A
I1 I1
0 0
Nonfood Nonfood
Consumption Consumption
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Transferências em Dinheiro
contra Espécie...
(b) The Constraint Is Binding
BC1 BC1
C
$1,000 $1,000 B
B I2
A I2 A I1
I1 I3
0 0
Nonfood Nonfood
Consumption Consumption
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Sumario
Restrição do orçamento de um
consumidor mostra as possíveis
combinações de diferentes bens que ele
pode comprar dado o seu rendimento e
os preços dos bens.
A inclinação da restrição orçamentária
é igual ao preço relativo dos bens.
Curvas de indiferença do consumidor
representam suas preferências.
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Sumario
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Sumário
A teoria da escolha do consumidor pode
explicar:
Por que as curvas de demanda pode
potencialmente inclinar ascendente.
Como os salários afetam a oferta de
trabalho.
Como as taxas de juros afetam a poupança
das famílias.
Se os pobres preferem receber
transferências em dinheiro ou em espécie.
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Graphical
Review
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The Consumer’s Budget
Constraint...
Quantity
of Pepsi
500 B
Consumer’s
budget constraint
A
0 100 Quantity
of Pizza
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The Consumer’s Budget
Constraint...
Quantity
of Pepsi
B
500
C
250
Consumer’s
budget constraint
A
0 50 100 Quantity
of Pizza
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The Consumer’s Preferences...
Quantity
of Pepsi
B D
I2
A Indifference
curve, I1
0 Quantity
of Pizza
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The Consumer’s Preferences...
Quantity
of Pepsi
B D
MRS I2
1
A Indifference
curve, I1
0 Quantity
of Pizza
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Property 1: Higher indifference curves are
preferred to lower ones.
Quantity
of Pepsi
B D
I2
A Indifference
curve, I1
0 Quantity
of Pizza
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Property 2: Indifference curves are
downward sloping.
Quantity
of Pepsi
Indifference
curve, I1
0 Quantity
of Pizza
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Property 3: Indifference curves do not
cross.
Quantity
of Pepsi
0 Quantity
of Pizza
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Property 4: Indifference curves are
bowed inward.
Quantity
of Pepsi
14
MRS = 6
8 A
1
4 MRS = 1 B
3 Indifference
1
curve
0 2 3 6 7 Quantity
of Pizza
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Perfect Substitutes
Nickels
I1 I2 I3
0 1 2 3 Dimes
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Perfect Complements
Left
Shoes
I2
7
5 I1
0 5 7 Right Shoes
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The Consumer’s Optimum...
Quantity
of Pepsi
Optimum
B
A
I3
I2
I1
Budget constraint
0 Quantity
of Pizza
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An Increase in Income...
Quantity
of Pepsi New budget constraint
New optimum
An Inferior Good...
Quantity
of Pepsi New budget constraint
Initial
budget
constraint I1 I2
0 Quantity
2. ... pizza consumption rises, of Pizza
making pizza a normal good...
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A Change in Price...
Quantity
of Pepsi
1,000 New budget constraint
Initial budget I1
constraint
0 100 Quantity of Pizza
2. …reducing pizza consumption…
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C New optimum
Income effect B
Initial optimum
Substitution
effect
I2
A
Initial I1
budget
constraint 0 Quantity of Pizza
Substitution effect
Income effect
Deriving the Demand Curve...
(a) The Consumer’s Optimum (b) The Demand Curve for Pepsi
Quantity
of Pepsi Price of
New budget constraint
Pepsi
B $2
A
150
I2
1
B
A
50 I1
0 0
Quantity 50 150 Quantity
Initial budget of Pizza of Pepsi
constraint
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Quantity of
A Giffen Good...
Potatoes Initial budget constraint
B
$5,000
Optimum
I3
2,000
I2
I1
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An Increase in the Wage...
(a) For a person with these . . . the labor supply curve slopes
Consumption
preferences… upward.
Wage
1. When the
wage rises…
I2
BC1
BC2
I1
0 0
Hours of Hours of Labor
Leisure
2. …hours of leisure decrease… Supplied
3. ...and hours of labor increase.
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An Increase in the Wage...
(b) For a person with these . . . the labor supply curve slopes
Consumption
preferences… backward.
Wage
BC2
1. When the
wage rises…
BC1 I2
I1
0 0
Hours of Hours of Labor
Leisure Supplied
2. …hours of leisure increase… 3. ...and hours of labor decrease.
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The Consumption-Saving Decision...
Consumption
when Old Budget
constraint
$110,000
55,000 Optimum
I3
I2
I1
0 $50,000 100,000 Consumption
when Young
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Consumption
BC2 Raises Saving Lowers Saving
when Old
when Old
BC2
1. A higher
1. A higher
interest rate
interest rate
rotates the
rotates the
budget constraint
budget constraint
outward...
outward...
BC1 I2
BC1 I2
I1
I1
0 0
Consumption Hours of
2. …resulting in lower when Young 2. …resulting in higher Leisure
consumption when young consumption when young
and, thus, higher saving. and, thus, lower saving.
Cash versus In-Kind Transfers...
(a) The Constraint Is Not Binding
BC1 BC1
B B
I2 I2
$1,000 $1,000
A A
I1 I1
0 0
Nonfood Nonfood
Consumption Consumption
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Cash versus In-Kind Transfers...
(b) The Constraint Is Binding
BC1 BC1
C
$1,000 $1,000 B
B I2
A I2 A I1
I1 I3
0 0
Nonfood Nonfood
Consumption Consumption
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