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Antennas
– Loss resistance due to the conductivity of the antenna itself and losses
caused by other objects near the antenna (such as the ground)
– Radiation resistance, which represents the transfer of power from the
antenna into the radiated field.
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Types of antennas (composition)
• Can be divided into two groups
– Wire antennas:
• dipoles, loops, Yagi-Uda…
– Aperture antennas:
• parabolic, horns, panel, microstrip antennas,. …
Wire antennas
Yagi
Wire antennas
Log periodic
Helical Antennas
Theory
In wire-type antennas the radiation
characteristics are determined by the current
distribution which produces the local magnetic
field.
Yagi-Uda antenna
Helical antenna
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Aperture antennas
Dipole with
parabolic and
corner reflector
Spherical (main reflector)
Panel antenna
Antenna Types
Horn Antennas
Micro strip
Antennas
Reflector and Pyramidal horn antennas
Theory – aperture antennas
In aperture-type antennas the radiation
characteristics are determined by the field
distribution across the aperture.
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Theory – aperture antenna example
The far-field radiation pattern can be found from the Fourier
transform of the near-field pattern.
E:
H:
¼ Wave Monopole
E: H:
Vertical Antennas
• A “vertical antenna” is an antenna that consists of a single
element mounted perpendicular to the Earth's surface. Most mobile
antennas are verticals.
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• Length (feet) = -----------------
Frequency (MHz)
Sample Problem from the Question
234
• Length = ------ = 1.6 feet
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• Length (feet) = -----------------
Frequency (MHz)
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Antenna Impedance
• An antenna is “seen" by the generator as a load with impedance ZA ,
connected to the line.
ZA
Z A Rr RL jX A
• The real part is the radiation resistance plus the ohmic resistance.
– Minimizing impedance differences at each interface will reduce SWR and
maximize power transfer through each part of the antenna system.
– Complex impedance, ZA , of an antenna is related to the electrical length of
the antenna at the wavelength in use.
Thevenin equivalent
Receiving antenna equivalent circuit
Antenna
Thevenin equivalent