Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Key: link the different ideas you find in the literature to form
coherent and cohesive argument, which sets in context and
justifies your research.
In considering the content of your critical
review you will need:
1. To include the key academic theories and concepts
within your chosen area;
References
Bowen, I. (1994) ‘Short cut to success’, Post Magazine 2, 26 July.
Jackson, D.R. (1995) ‘Prudential’s prudent parochialism’, Direct Marketing,
26-29 April.
Lindisfame, I. (1995) ‘Death of a salesman’, Post Magazine 15, 30-31 June.
MacKenzie, G. (1995) ‘Rise of the feeble’, Post Magazine 2, 5-6 February.
Literature (information) sources can be divided into
three categories:
1. Primary literature sources (grey literature),
2. Secondary literature sources and
3. Tertiary literature sources (search tools).
2. Assess sufficiency
▪ Your review should discuss research that has already been
undertaken and position it in the wider context, citing the
main writers in the field.
1. Bibliographic details;
▪ Bibliography- list of all relevant items consulted for your project
including those not referred to directly in the text.
▪ References- list of those items referred to directly in the text.
▪ Details in both cases should be sufficient to enable readers to find
the original items.
2. a brief description of the content; and
3. Other appropriate supplementary information.
Journal Book Chapter in an edited book
•Author(s) – surname, first •Author(s) – surname, first •Author(s) – surname, first
name initials name initials name initials
•Year of publication (in •Year of publication (in •Year of publication (in
parentheses) parentheses) parentheses)
•Title of article •Title and subtitle of book •Title of chapter
•Title of journal (underlined (underlined) •Author(s) of book –
or italics) •Edition surname, first name initials
•Volume •Place of publication •Title and subtitle of book
•Part/issue •Publisher (underlined)
•Page numbers (preceded •Edition
by ‘p’ of page or ‘pp’ for •Place of publication
pages) •Publisher
•Page numbers of chapter
Referencing is a requirement of all academic work.
It is a way of acknowledging the use of someone else’s work and giving them
the credit for it.
When you do not acknowledge someone else's work it is call Plagiarism: The
word, in fact, means kidnapper, from the Latin plagiarius.
Referencing involves:
1. referring to someone else's work or ideas in your text (this is called the
citation)
2. providing full details of their work (this is called the reference)
3. linking the citation and the reference together in the reference list at the
end of your work.
Reference List
A full bibliographic citation for the source is then placed in the reference list at
the end of your thesis report.
There are various methods of referencing sources, including
in-text referencing,
footnotes, and
endnotes.
There are two main types of quotations: indirect and direct quotations.
An indirect quotation is when the original text has been paraphrased, i.e. rewritten in your
own words.
A direct quotation is a word-for-word transcription of the original text by another author
which must appear in inverted commas and end with a citation
Reference style
Book 1) Arya, C. (2003) Design of structural elements. 2nd ed.,
London: Spon Press.
Bowlin, W.F., Renner, C.J., and Rives, J.M. (2003) A DEA study
of gender equity in executive compensation. Journal of the
Operation Research Society, 54(7), pp.751-7.
Reference style
Web sources Heath, A., Jowell, R., Curtice, J. and Norris, P. (1998) The Future of the British
Election Studies [online]. London: CREST, March 1998 [cited 3 March 2006].
Prepared for the ESRC Working Party on the Future of the BES, March 1998.
Available at: <http://www.strath.ac.uk/Other/CREST/blonde1.htm>.
http://www2.wlv.ac.uk/lib/Harv2/harv.htm