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lecture 14
Prepared by:
Nur Afny C. Andryani
Source: Copyright @2005 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc, UoW Lecture handout, text
book Managerial Statistics
Comparing Two Populations…
Previously we looked at techniques to estimate and test
parameters for one population:
Population Mean , Population Variance , and
Population Proportion p
Parameters: Statistics:
3. The variance of is
??
degrees of freedom
CI Estimator for (equal variances)
The confidence interval estimator for when the
population variances are equal is given by:
degrees of freedom
Example 13.1…
The mean caloric intake of high fiber cereal eaters ( )
is less than that of non-consumers ( ), translates to:
(i.e. )
H 0:
Example 13.1…
A sample of 150 people was randomly drawn. Each person was
identified as a consumer or a non-consumer of high-fiber
cereal. For each person the number of calories consumed at
lunch was recorded. The data: Independent Pop’ns;
Either you eat high fiber
cereal or you don’t
n1+n2=150
Recall H1:
Example 13.1…
Thus, our test statistic is:
Example 13.1…
Our rejection region:
Compare
Our test statistic:
Since our test statistic (-2.09) is less than our critical value of t
(-1.658), we reject H0 in favor of H1 — that is, there is
sufficient evidence to support the claim that high fiber cereal
eaters consume less calories at lunch.
INTERPRET
Example 13.1…
…however, we still need to be able to interpret the Excel
output:
Compare…
Example 13.2…
Two methods are being tested for assembling office chairs.
Assembly times are recorded (25 times for each method). At a
5% significance level, do the assembly times for the two
methods differ?
Example 13.2…
The assembly times for each of the two methods are recorded
and preliminary data is prepared…
The sample variances are similar, hence we will assume that the
population variances are equal…
COMPUTE
Example 13.2…
Recall, we are doing a two-tailed test, hence the rejection
region will be:
Example 13.2…
In order to calculate our t-statistic, we need to first calculate
the pooled variance estimator, followed by the t-statistic…
INTERPRET
Example 13.2…
Since our calculated t-statistic does not fall into the rejection region,
we cannot reject H0 in favor of H1, that is, there is not sufficient
evidence to infer that the mean assembly times differ.
Confidence Interval…
We can compute a 95% confidence interval estimate for the
difference in mean assembly times as:
the difference of the means is equal to the mean of the differences, hence
we will consider the “mean of the paired differences” as our parameter of interest:
IDENTIFY
Example 13.4…
Do Finance majors have higher salary offers than Marketing
majors?
Since:
Example 13.4…
From the data, we calculate…
Example 13.4…
Since our calculated value of t (3.81) is greater than our critical
value of t (1.711), it falls in the rejection region, hence we
reject H0 in favor of H1; that is, there is overwhelming evidence
(since the p-value = .0004) that Finance majors do obtain
higher starting salary offers than their peers in Marketing.
Compare…
Confidence Interval Estimator for
We can derive the confidence interval estimator for
algebraically as:
H 0:
Example 13.6…
In example 13.1, we looked at the variances of the samples of
people who consumed high fiber cereal and those who did not
and assumed they were not equal. We can use the ideas just
developed to test if this is in fact the case.
Example 13.6…
Since our research hypothesis is: H1:
We are doing a two-tailed test, and our rejection region is:
F
CALCULATE
Example 13.6…
Our test statistic is:
.58 1.61 F
Hence there is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis
in favor of the alternative; that is, there is a difference in the
variance between the two populations.
CALCULATE
Example 13.6…
If we wanted to determine the 95% confidence interval
estimate of the ratio of the two population variances in
Example 13.1, we would proceed as follows…
The confidence interval estimator for is:
CALCULATE
Example 13.6…
The 95% confidence interval estimate of the ratio of the two
population variances in Example 13.1 is:
Example 13.8…
A consumer packaged goods (CPG) company is test marketing
two new versions of soap packaging. Version one (bright colors)
is distributed in one supermarket, while version two (simple
colors) is in another. Since the first version is more expensive,
it must outsell the other design, that is its market share, p1,
must be greater than that of the other soap package design, i.e.
p 2.
That is, we want to know, is p1 > p2? or, using the language of
statistics:
H1: (p1–p2) > 0
Hence our null hypothesis will be H0: (p1–p2) = 0 [case 1]
IDENTIFY
Example 13.8…
Here is the summary data…
Example 13.8…
At a 5% significance level, our rejection region is:
Compare…
Since 2.90 > 1.645, we reject H0 in favor of H1, that is, there is
enough evidence to infer that the brightly colored design is
more popular than the simple design.
IDENTIFY
Example 13.9…
Suppose in our test marketing of soap packages scenario that
instead of just a difference between the two package versions,
the brightly colored design had to outsell the simple design by
at least 3%
Example 13.9…
Same summary data as before:
Example 13.9…
Since our calculated z-statistic (1.15) does not fall into our
rejection region ,
Example 13.10…
Create a 95% confidence interval for the difference between
the two proportions of packaged soap sales from Ex. 13.8:
Identifying Factors…
Factors that identify the z-test and estimator for p1–p2