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REASONING?
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Reasoning
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Axial Reasoning
- Paradigmatic axis
- Syntagmatic axis
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Paradigm
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Syntagm
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Paradigm Syntagm
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Paradigm-syntagm hierarchy
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SYSTEM
Class
Activity1:
Classify items in each set according to, at least, 2 classes
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Ferdinand de Saussure
Sign= signified/signifier
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Sign
valeur
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Classification
Activity2:
Re-classify items in each set using different criteria from 1.
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CLASSIFCATION: separate and describe features according to their DIFFERENCES
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Systemic notation
classified as ‘a’
structure ‘a’
entry condition
CRITERIUM X
(unit)
realization in structure
classified as ‘b’
structure ‘b’
principle of classification
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Systemic notation
classified as ‘a’
structure ‘a’
entry condition
SYSTEM
(unit)
classified as ‘b’
structure ‘b’
ACTIVITY 3:
Re-do activity 1, but now using systemic notation
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Agnation
classified as ‘a’
structure ‘a’
entry condition
SYSTEM agnation;
(unit) ‘a’ and ‘b’ are agnates
classified as ‘b’
structure ‘b’
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Delicacy
Increase in specificity
feature ‘a’
SYSTEM 1
entry condition feature ‘x’
(unit)
SYSTEM 1.2
feature ‘b’
feature ‘y’
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The hydrogen problem
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Coselection
feature ‘a’
SYSTEM 1 a&x
feature ‘b’
a&y
entry
condition
b&x
feature ‘x’
SYSTEM 2
b&y
feature ‘y’
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Tiger, Monkey
Crocodile
Coselection - example Worm, Dolphin
Ostrich, Tortoise
Owl, Parrot
feature ‘a’ Sheep
water
HABITAT a&x
water & cold
feature ‘b’
land a&y
animal water & warm
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Coselection
ACTIVITY 6:
Draw a coselective system to generate the feature ‘platypus’
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Realization
realization
entry condition
SYSTEM
(unit)
classified as ‘b’
realization
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THE SYSTEM OF POLARITY
IN FRENCH
System 1: POLARITY in French
Je suis un étudiant.
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positive
ne^Finite^pas
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System 2: POLARITY in French
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minus contradiction
CONTRADICTION
positive
POSITIVE
POLARITY
clause plus contradiction
#si
negative
ne^Finite^pas
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indicative
+Subject
MOOD +Finite
clause
+Predicator
imperative
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declarative
Subject^Finite
INDICATIVE
indicative
TYPE
MOOD +S
clause +F interrogative
Finite^Subject
+Predicator
imperative
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declarative
S^F
INDICATIVE
indicative polar
TYPE
MOOD +S INTERROG.
clause +F interrogative
F^S TYPE
+Predicator
imperative elemental
+Wh-
#Wh-
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declarative
S^F
INDICATIVE
indicative polar
TYPE
MOOD +S INTERROG.
+F interrogative
F^S TYPE
imperative elemental
clause
+Wh-
+P #Wh-
positive
POLARITY
(1a) Use the principle of CLASSIFICATION and separate elements of the following sets into
classes:
(1b) After classifying elements in (1a), organize them in a system according to systemic notation.
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Activity 2 – System network drawing
(2a) Use the principle of CLASSIFICATION and separate elements of the following sets into
classes:
(2b) After classifying elements in (2a), organize them in a system according to systemic notation.
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MACHINE-AIDED ANALYSIS
UAMCorpusTool
machine-aided annotation
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declarative
S^F
INDICATIVE
indicative polar
TYPE
MOOD +S INTERROG.
+F interrogative
F^S TYPE
imperative elemental
clause
+Wh-
+P #Wh-
positive
POLARITY
negative
+not; F^not
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OFFICER: Just tell me your name, please, sir.
CITIZEN: Right, sir. Hold on a second. Ready?
OFFICER: Yes.
CITIZEN: My name is Derrick [Clack].
OFFICER: What are you doing?
CITIZEN: That’s my name.
OFFICER: What is?
CITIZEN: This. Derrick [Clack].
OFFICER: Oh. Derrick [Clack] is your name?
CITIZEN: Yes.
OFFICER: What kind of name is that?
CITIZEN: It’s my name.
OFFICER: Bit unusual, isn’t it, Mr. [Clack]?
CITIZEN: If I had a pound for every time someone would’ve said that to me…
OFFICER: Uh… how do you spell [Clack], Mr. [Clack]?
CITIZEN: It’s as it sounds.
OFFICER: Uh, yeah, but if you wouldn’t mind spelling it for me.
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CITIZEN: Well, let me--
OFFICER: I would be very grateful if you would spell it for me.
CITIZEN: Alright. N I P P L - E.
OFFICER: Nipple?
CITIZEN: I beg your pardon?
OFFICER: Nipple.
CITIZEN: Nipple? Where? What are talking about?
OFFICER: N I P P L E
CITIZEN: Hyphen E
OFFICER: Hyphen E, in my book spells ‘nipple’. It doesn't spell [Clack].
CITIZEN: Have you gone mad? What are you talking about? I thought a modern policeman was
supposed to be a highly trained law enforcement and you can’t even spell.
OFFICER: Alright, Mr. Nipple, If I could have your address, please?
CITIZEN: Are you talking to me?
OFFICER: Yes.
CITIZEN: You want to know my address?
OFFICER: Yes, please.
CITIZEN: Or do you want to know Mr. Nipple’s address?
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1. How does axial reasoning benefit Linguistics? let’s
think
2. Does your work involve axial reasoning?
about it
3. Can you list all the categories you are using in your
research?
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READINGS:
1. Martin, J. Systemic functional grammar: a next step into the theory – axial
relations. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2013.
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