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Factors influencing the
effectiveness of positive
reinforcement
A. Motivating Operations
- Are you hungry enough?
- Perhaps your full!
B. Reinforcer Size
Naked desk dancing anyone?
Factors influencing the
effectiveness of positive
reinforcement
C. Reinforcer Immediacy
Factors influencing the
effectiveness of positive
reinforcement
D. Instructions: Make use of rules
1. They speed up learning process if
understood.
2. Can help with delayed reinforcement
3. R+ with instructions may help
rule/instruction following.
Factors influencing the
effectiveness of positive
reinforcement
E. Contingent Vs. Non-contingent
Reinforcement
Increase “TARGET” responding
2. Selecting a reinforcer
• - readily available
• - presented immediately
• - Can be used many times without causing
satiation.
• - Requires only brief consumption
• - Use a menu when possible
Guidelines for the effective application
of positive reinforcement
3. Applying positive reinforcement
- Explain plan before starting
- Reinforce behavior immediately
- Tell person what behavior is being
reinforced
Guidelines for the effective application
of positive reinforcement
4. Weaning person from reinforcement
program
- Establish high levels of responding
- Look for natural reinforcer
- Plan follow-up assessments
BEHAVIORAL CONTINGENCY TABLE
(DRAFT 1)
Present Stimulus Remove Stimulus
Positive
Behavior
Reinforcement
Increases
(S+R)
Behavior
Decreases
Principles of Behavior
Modification
Gary L. Cates, Ph.D., N.C.S.P.
Chapter 13: Negative
reinforcement
Escape & Avoidance
Negative Reinforcement
• Immediate removal (escape) or prevention
(avoidance) of an aversive stimulus
contingent upon a behavior that increases
the probability of that behavior in the future.
• Remember: Reinforcement of any kind
increases behavior!
Negative Reinforcement: Escape
Before Behavior After
Aversive You do something Aversive
Condition Condition
Present Not present
Example: Negative Reinforcement
(Escape)
Before Behavior After
Getting wet Use an Umbrella Not getting
wet
from rain from rain
Negative Reinforcement: Avoidance
Negative
Positive
Behavior Increases Reinforcement(S-R)
Reinforcement(S+R)
(Escape/Avoidance)
Major Pitfall
Sick Social Cycle (Victim’s escape Model)
Type I (Application)
and
Type II (Removal)
Punishment
Process of reducing behavior by immediately
presenting an aversive condition (or
removing a reinforcer) contingent upon a
response that results in a decrease in the
frequency of that response
1. Reprimand
2. Spanking
Negative
Positive
Behavior Increases +R Reinforcement (S-R)
Reinforcement(S )
(Escape/Avoidance)
Type I Punishment
Behavior Decreases (S+P) ?
(Aversive Stimulus)
Type II Punishment (Penalty):
removing reinforcement
1. Response Cost
2. Time-Out
Negative
Positive
Behavior Increases +R Reinforcement(S-R)
Reinforcement (S )
(Escape/Avoidance)
Student
Student Asked No BXXX Don’t read
to Read aloud aloud
Guidelines For implementing
Punishment
• Target Behavior must be operationally defined
• Choose an alternate response to reinforce
• Minimize the causes of the undesirable response
• Use an effective punisher: not paired with R+
and is available
• Apply: Consistently and Immediately
• Keep records and have someone else help you
monitor!
• State the Rules to the individual
When should punishment be used?
• The person’s behavior should be a danger
to himself or others.
• Use only after trying reinforcing
procedures
• Social Validity/Informed Consent
• Reliability of Measurement:
Helper/supervisor
• Do not use punishment as a means to
show superiority
Chapter 12: Schedules of
Reinforcement
General