BUILDING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEM- III

SUBMITTED BY,
ABIN JOSE- BGANEBC001
APARNA BALAMURALI- BGANEBC008
 GLASS

APPLICATION OF:
1. STRUCTURAL GLAZING GLASS
2. TOUGHENING GLASS
3. CURTAIN WALL GLAZING GLASS
4. INSULATING GLASS
1. STRUCTURAL GLAZING
WHAT IS STRUCTURAL GLAZING ?
 Structural glass is glass which has gone through a manufacturing
process to enable it to be used for structural elements of
buildings.
 The resulting product enables walls, floors and ceilings in
buildings to be transparent and can even be load bearing.
 Structural glazing is made by “heating sheets” of glass uniformly
after manufacture until it is plastic and then rapid cooling with jets
of air. The outer layers closest to the jets of air cool and solidify
first; they contract as they cool.
 As the inner layer try to follow they throw the outer layers into
compression. This process creates a glass that is about seven times
stronger than ordinary/untreated float glass.
ADVANTAGES
 Can be combined with any of our other system variations,
with any pressure profiles and also with suction discs.
 Efficient and safe glass fixation with special structural glazing
toggles.
 High heat insulation up to Uf = 0.90W/(m²K) (considering
screw influence).
 For double or triple glazing, from 32 to 52 mm thickness.
 Both vertical and glass roof application available.
APPLICATIONS
 Dynamic wind loads are transferred from the glass, by the
structural silicone sealant to the perimeter structural
support.
 The net resulted are either four sided system or two sided
systems or vertical accents can be achieved.
2. TOUGHENING GLASS
TOUGHENING GLASS
 Toughened or tempered glass is a type of safety glass
processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to
increase its strength compared with normal glass.
 As a result of its safety and strength, toughened glass is used
in a variety of demanding application, including passenger
vehicle windows, shower doors, architectural glass doors and
tables, refrigerator trays, as a component of bulletproof glass,
for diving masks, etc.
ADVANTAGES
 Toughened glass is used when strength, thermal resistance, and
safety are important considerations.
 There are two main types of heat-treated glass: heat-
strengthened and fully tempered.
 Heat-strengthened glass is twice as strong as annealed glass.
 The tempering process does not change the stiffness of the
glass.[ Annealed glass undergoes a similar deflection compared to
tempered glass under the same load, but tempered glass can take a
higher load and, therefore, deflects further before breaking.
 Toughened glass is used when strength, thermal resistance, and
safety are important considerations.
 The most commonly encountered tempered glass is that used for
side and rear windows in automobiles.
APPLICATIONS
AUTOMOBILES
 The most commonly encountered tempered glass is that used
for side and rear windows in automobiles.

COOKING AND BAKING

 Some forms of tempered glass are used
for cooking and baking. Manufacturers and brands include
Glasslock, Pyrex, Corelle, and Arc International.
APPLICATIONS
CELLPHONE SCREEN PROTECTOR

 Recently, tempered glass screen protectors have also been developed as an

additional protection for screens of mobile phones and as an alternative to
the plastic type screen protector.

FOOD SERVICE

 "Rim-tempered" indicates that a limited area, such as the rim of the glass or
plate, is tempered and is popular in food service.

 However, there are also specialist manufacturers that offer a fully

tempered/toughened drink ware solution that can bring increased benefits
in the form of strength and thermal shock resistance.
3. CURTAIN WALL GLAZING
CURTAIN WALL GLAZING
 A curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building in which the
outer walls are non-structural, but merely keep the weather out and the
occupants in. As the curtain wall is non-structural it can be made of a
lightweight material, reducing construction costs. When glass is used as
the curtain wall, a great advantage is that natural light can penetrate
deeper within the building.

 The curtain wall facade does not carry any dead load weight from the
building other than its own dead load weight. The wall transfers
horizontal wind loads that are incident upon it to the main building
structure through connections at floors or columns of the building.

 A curtain wall is designed to resist air and water infiltration, sway

induced by wind and seismic forces acting on the building, and its own
dead load weight forces.
 Curtain wall systems are typically designed with extruded aluminum
members, although the first curtain walls were made of steel. The
aluminium frame is typically infilled with glass, which provides an
architecturally pleasing building, as well as benefits such as day
lighting.

 However, parameters related to solar gain control such as thermal

comfort and visual comfort are more difficult to control when using
highly glazed curtain walls. Other common infills include: stone
veneer, metal panels, louvers, and operable windows or vents.

 Curtain walls differ from store-front systems in that they are designed
to span multiple floors, and take into consideration design
requirements such as: thermal expansion and contraction; building
sway and movement; water diversion; and thermal efficiency for cost-
effective heating, cooling, and lighting in the building.
APPLICATIONS
GLASS
 By far the most common glazing type, glass can be of an
almost infinite combination of color, thickness, and opacity.
For commercial construction, the two most common
thicknesses are 1/4 inch (6 mm) monolithic and 1 inch
(25 mm) insulating glass. Presently, 1/4 inch glass is typically
used only in spandrel areas, while insulating glass is used for
the rest of the building (sometimes spandrel glass is specified
as insulating glass as well).
FABRIC VENEER

 Fabric is another type of material which is common for

curtain walls. Fabric is often much less expensive and serves
as a less permanent solution. Unlike glass or stone, fabric is
much faster to install, less expensive, and often much easier
to modify after it is installed. Because of low density of
fabrics total weight of structure is very low then strength
consideration of structure is not too important.
PANELS

 Metal panels can take various forms including aluminum

plate; aluminum composite panels consisting of two thin
aluminum sheets sandwiching a thin plastic interlayer; copper
wall cladding, and panels consisting of metal sheets bonded
to rigid insulation, with or without an inner metal sheet to
create a sandwich panel. Other opaque panel materials
include fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP), stainless steel, and
terracotta. Terracotta curtain wall panels were first used in
Europe, but only a few manufacturers produce high quality
modern terracotta curtain wall panels.
LOUVERS
 A louver is provided in an area where mechanical equipment
located inside the building requires ventilation or fresh air to
operate. They can also serve as a means of allowing outside
air to filter into the building to take advantage of favorable
climatic conditions and minimize the usage of energy-
consuming HVAC systems. Curtain wall systems can be
adapted to accept most types of louver systems to maintain
the same architectural sightlines and style while providing the
necessary functionality.
WINDOWS AND VENTS
 Most curtain wall glazing is fixed, meaning there is no access
to the exterior of the building except through doors.
However, windows or vents can be glazed into the curtain
wall system as well, to provide required ventilation or
operable windows. Nearly any window type can be made to
fit into a curtain wall system.
4. INSULATED GLAZING
INSULATED GLAZING
 Insulated glazing (IG), more commonly known as double
glazing (or double-pane, and increasingly triple glazing/pane)
are double or triple glass window panes separated by an air or
other gas filled space to reduce heat transfer across a part of the
building envelope.

 Insulated Glass Units are manufactured with glass in range of

thickness from 3 mm to 10 mm (1/8" to 3/8") or more in special
applications. Laminated or tempered glass may also be used as part
of the construction. Most units are manufactured with the same
thickness of glass used on both panes but special applications such
as acoustic attenuation or security may require wide ranges of
thicknesses to be incorporated in the same unit.
ADVANTAGES
 Double glass such as such as insulated glass, contains
hermetically sealed dry air space between the sheets of glass.
 Double glazing prevents direct contact with sunlight
 When the air conditioner is used inside the building, the
temperature difference between the inside and outside of the
building is very less.
 Due to convection, air circulates inside and acts as a barrier,
preventing outside heat from coming inside and the cool air
inside from escaping- results in energy saving.
APPLICATIONS
 Commercial/ residential fixed or operable windows
 Curtain walls
 Storefronts
 Sloped/ overhead glazing
 Non-vision (spandrel) locations