Dr.P.

Ganesan
VIT Business School
Year Number of Number of
Seats Engineering
Seat
2013 80,000
2014 1,00,000
2015 202422 94,453
2016 192009 1,02,240

(C)P.GANESAN 3/21/2018
 Managerial Issue
 Decline in takers of Engineering Programs in
Tamil Nadu

 Research Question / Major Objective(s)

 Are the Stakeholders dissatisfied with B.Tech /
B.E Programs?
 Whether the Aspirants are starting to shift
another UG Programs?
 Objectives
 Research Design - the blueprint for the
collection, measurement and analysis of
data
---- Phillips,Bernard.S
 Research Design - is the plan, structure
and strategy of investigation conceived so
as to obtain answers to research
questions…The overall scheme or program
of research
---- Kerlinger
 To gain familiarity with phenomenon OR
 To achieve new insight into a problem OR
 To formulate precise research problem OR
 To develop hypothesis

“Exploratory / Formulatory RD”

 To portray accurately the characteristics of
a particular solution or group or individual
(with or without initial hypotheses about
the nature of characteristics)

“Descriptive RD”
 To test a hypothesis suggesting a causal
relationship between variables

“Experimental RD”
 The company Vice-President (Marketing) has
the general objective is to find out if women
hair salon customers have preference for
contact employees to perform specific tasks.
He wants
 to identify which activities do female hair salon
customers prefer to be performed by male
contact employees and which ones do they
prefer to be done by female contact employees;
 the reasons that make customers prefer some
activities to be performed by male contact
employees and others to be performed by
female;
 to examine the customer loyalty for the hair
saloons they visit; and
 to examine other important attributes which
contribute to the customer’s preference of hair
saloons
 Formulating a problem for more precise and
structured investigation or developing
hypothesis
 Increasing investigator familiarity with the
phenomena/problem
 A basis for clarifying concepts
eg., Why less takers of B.Tech / B.E
Programs in Tamil Nadu?
1. In depth interviewing (conversational
rather than structural)
2. Participant observation (to perceive
first hand what participant in the
setting experience)
3. Films, photographs and videotapes (to
capture the life of the group under
study)
4. Projective techniques and psychological
testing (viz., thematic appreciation
test, projective measures, games)
5. Case studies
6. Street ethnography (to discover how a
cultural sub-group describes and
structures its world at the street level)
7. Elite interviewing (for information from
influential or well informed people in an
orgn., or community)
8. Document analysis (to evaluate historical
or contemporary confidential or public
records, reports ,govt. documents and
opinions
9. Proxemics and kinetics (to study the use
of space and body motion comm.)
1. Secondary data analysis
2. Focus groups
3. Experience surveys
4. Two stage design
 Applications-consumer study

 Output- a list of ideas and behavioral observations with

recommendations of the moderator

FOCUS GROUP :

A panel of people led by a trained moderator who

meet for 90minutes to 2hrs

 Group dynamics principles –specific topic

 6 to 10 respondents
 Facilitator introduce the topic and encourages the group
to discuss it among themselves
 Homogeneity within the focus group
 Identification
 Telephone Focus Group:
 Situations
 When it is difficult to recruit desired participants
 When target group members are rare / widely dispersed
geographically
 When issues are so sensitive
 When we want nationwide representation
 More effective
 When participant need to handle a product
 When an object of discussion cannot be sent through them
mail in advance
 When sessions will run long
 When the participants are groups of youth
 Online FG:
 e-mail, websites, Usenet news groups etc.
 Videoconferencing FG

 Recording, Analysis, and Reporting

 Content Analysis
 Investigative questions / Minor Objectives
 To know the customers perception on service
quality and network quality

 To understand the customers opinion on

convenience, perceived value, switching costs
and complaints handling

 To findout the customer relationship satisfaction,

customer relationship improvement and
customer loyalty
 Descriptive study mainly is concerned with
describing a phenomenon/situation in terms of
specific variables whether individually or in
pairs, in terms of a sub-sets of variables
together.

OBJECTIVE :

What
When
To answer the of the subject Where
under investigation Why
Who
how
Objectives
 Descriptions of phenomena or
characteristics associated with a subject
population
 Estimates of the proportions of a
population that have these characteristics
 Discovery of associations among different
variables (correlational studies)
 essential element of causation
 A “produces” B or A “forces” B to
occur
 J.S.Mill’s propositions
 The Method of Agreement
 The Method of Difference
No.1 A B C P

No.2 A D E P

Therefore

A P
No.1 A B C P

Non-
No.2 A
D E No P

Therefore

Non
-SQ
No P
 Managerial Issue
 Decline in Employee Commitment

 Management Question
 Why there is a decline in Employee Commitment?

 Major Objective(s)
 Is there an effect of Employee Empowerment on
the organizational commitment?
 Investigative questions / Minor Objectives
 To know the employee perception on employee
empowerment

 To understand the employee opinion on

organizational trust and commitment

 To findout the effect of employee empowerment,

trust on satisfaction and commitment
 Employee satisfaction
H1+
Empowerment H2+

Commitment
 Symmetrical : Two variables fluctuate together

 Reciprocal: Two variables mutually influence or

reinforce each other

 Asymmetrical : The changes in one variable is

responsible for changes in another variable
 Symmetrical : Two variables fluctuate
together
 A correlation between low work attendance and
active participation in a company club is
dependent on lifestyle preference
 Reciprocal: Two variables mutually influence
or reinforce each other
 Advertisement leads to the use of a brand of
product
 The usage, in turn, sensitize the person to notice
and read more of the advertising of that
particular brand
 Asymmetrical : The changes in one variable is
responsible for changes in another variable
 Stimulus –Response relationships
 Property –disposition relationships :

Property: an enduring characteristics of a

subject that does not depend on
circumstances for its activation
eg., age, gender, family status
Disposition: a tendency to respond in a
certain way under certain circumstances.
eg., attitudes, opinions, habits, values
and drives
 Disposition –behaviour relationships :
Behaviour response include
consumption practices ,work
performance, interpersonal acts, etc.
eg., Job satisfaction and work output
 Property –behaviour relationship
eg., Family status Vs Purchase of
furniture Social class Vs Family savings
pattern
 Relationship type Nature of relationship Examples

Stimulus – response An event or change results in •A change in government

response from some objects economic policy restricts
corporate financial
decisions

Property – disposition An existing property causes a •Age and attitudes about

disposition saving
•Social class and opinions
about taxation

Disposition – behaviour A disposition causes a specific •Job satisfaction and work

behaviour output
•Moral values and tax
cheating

Property – behaviour An existing property causes a •Stage of the family life

specific behaviour cycle and purchase of
furniture
•Age and sports
participation
 To assess the effect of particular variables
on a phenomenon by keeping the other
variable constant or controlled.

AIM :Determining whether and in what

manner variables are related to each other.
 Dependent variable: a factor which is
influenced by other factors
 Independent variable: other factor which
influence the dependent variable
PROCEDURE :
 Two identical groups are selected
Experimental groups (exposed to an
experimental variable) and control groups
(not exposed to the experimental variable)

The difference between experimental and

control group’s outcome is attributed to
the effect of the experimental variable.
CONDITIONS

1. It should be possible for selecting exactly

identical groups.
2. Target groups should be amenable for
experimentation.
3. It should be possible to identify all the
experimental variables.
4. It should be possible to keep non-
experimental variables constant.
1. After Only Design :

The effect on a dependent variable(Y) is

assessed by measuring it in both
experimental (E) and control (C) groups
after E has been exposed to an independent
variable(X)
Measurement After Experiment
E Ye
C Yc

Difference = Ye - Yc
2. One Group Before – After Design

E and C, measuring Y before and after

the group has been exposed to X.

Before After
Target Group Y1 Y2

Difference = Y2-Y1
3. Before-After design with control groups

Both E and C groups are measured before and after

E exposed to X

Before After
E Ye1 Ye2
C Yc1 Yc2

Difference in E = Ye2 - Ye1 = De

Difference in C = Yc2 - Yc1 = Dc
New difference = De - Dc
3. Quasi-Experimental Designs

Offers the researcher some degree of control

(more than pre-experimental design), but
there is no random assignment of subjects as
there is for true experimental designs.

Provides more information and more

measurement than a typical pre-experimental
design
Trend studies: Measurement over time that come
from a succession of separate random samples from
the same population and yield mush of the basic
information.
EG  O1 O2 O3 O4 * O5 O6 O7 O8

Panel studies: Collect a series of measurement on the

sample of test units, over an extended period of time.
4. Ex-post facto design

This is a retrospective study or after-the-

event study. It looks from the past to the
present.

Eg., Assessing the effect of family planning

publicity on the attitude of women