ECE

Engr. Marcelo V. Rivera

 𝒅𝑸
𝑰= (5.1)
𝒅𝒕

𝑱𝒏 =
𝚫𝑰
or 𝚫𝑰 = 𝑱𝒏 𝚫𝑺 ; (5.2)
𝚫𝑺

𝚫𝑰 = 𝐉 ∙ 𝚫𝑺 ; (5.3)

𝑰 = ‫𝑺𝐝 ∙ 𝑱 𝑺׬‬ (5.4)

 Δ𝑄 𝚫𝒍
𝚫𝑰 = = 𝜌𝑣 𝚫𝐒 = 𝝆𝒗 𝚫𝐒𝒖𝒚 ; (5.5)
Δt 𝚫𝒕
Δ𝐼 (5.6)
𝐽𝑦 = = 𝜌𝑣 𝑢𝑦 hence;
Δ𝑆

𝐽 = 𝜌𝑣 𝑢 (5.7)
 𝑭 = −𝑒𝑬; (5.8)
𝑚𝒖 𝒆𝝉
= −𝑒𝑬 or 𝒖= − 𝑬; (5.9)
𝜏 𝒎

𝝆𝒗 = −𝒏𝒆 (5.10)
𝒏𝒆𝟐 𝝉
𝑱 = 𝝆𝒗 = 𝑬 = 𝝈𝑬 or
𝒎
(5.11)
𝑱 = 𝝈𝑬
𝐸 = 0, 𝜌𝑣 = 0, 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 0 inside a conductor (5.12)
𝑣
𝐸= ; (5.13)
𝑙

𝐼 (5.14)
𝐽= ;
𝑆
𝐼 𝜎𝑉 (5.15)
= 𝜎𝐸 = hence;
𝑆 𝑙
 𝑉 𝑙 𝜌𝑐 𝑙
𝑅=
𝐼
=
𝜎𝑆
or 𝑅=
𝑆
(5.16)

𝑉 ‫𝒍𝑑 ∙ 𝑬 ׬‬ (5.17)
𝑅= =
𝐼 ‫𝑺𝑑 ∙ 𝑬𝜎 ׬‬

න 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣𝑬 ∙ 𝒖 = න 𝑬 ∙ 𝜌𝑣 𝒖𝑑𝑣

Or
(5.18)
𝑃 = න 𝑬 ∙ 𝑱𝑑𝑣
 𝑑𝑃 𝟐 (5.19)
𝑤𝑃 = =𝑬∙𝑱=𝜎 𝑬
𝑑𝑣

𝑃 = න 𝐸 𝑑𝑙 න 𝐽 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑉𝐼
𝐿 𝑆
Or (5.20)
𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
 𝟏 2
If 𝑱 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝒂𝒓 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝒂𝜽 𝐴/𝑚 , calculate
𝒓𝟑
the current passing through
(a) A hemispherical shell of radius 20cm
(b) A spherical shell of radius 10cm
ANSWER: (a) 31.4A
(b) 0
For the current density 𝑱 =
2 2
10𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅𝒂𝝆 𝐴/𝑚 , find the current
through the cylindrical surface 𝜌 = 2, 1 ≤
𝑧 ≤ 5𝑚.
ANSWER: 754 A
A typical example of convective charge
transport is found in the Van de Graaff
generator where charge is transported
on a moving belt from the base to the
dome as shown in Figure. If a surface
charge density 10−7 C/𝑚2 is
transported at a velocity of 2 m/s,
calculate the charge collected in 5 s.
Take the width of the belt as 10 cm.
Answer: 100nC
In a Van de Graaff generator, 𝑤 =
0.1m, 𝑢 = 10m/s, and the leakage
14
paths have resistance 10 ₓ𝞨. If the
2
belt carries 0.5𝜇C/𝑚 , find the
potential difference between the
dome and the base.
ANSWER: 50MV
 7
A wire of diameter 1 mm and conductivity 5 × 10 𝑆/𝑚
29 3
has 10 free electrons/𝑚 when an electric field of
10 𝑚𝑉/𝑚 is applied. Determine
(a) The charge density of free electrons
(b) The current density
(c) The current in the wire
(d) The drift velocity of the electrons. Take the electronic
charge as 𝑒 = −1.6 × 10−19 𝐶.
ANSWER:
10 3
(a) −1.6 × 10 𝐶/𝑚
2
(b) 500 𝑘𝐴/𝑚
(c) 0.393 𝐴
−5
(d) 3.125 × 10 𝑚/𝑠
The free charge density in copper 1.81 ×
10 3
10 𝐶/𝑚 . For a current density of 8 ×
6 2
10 𝐴/𝑚 , find the electric field intensity and
the drift velocity.
 𝑉
ANSWER: 0.138 , 4.42 × 10−4 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
 6
A lead (𝜎 = 5 × 10 𝑆/𝑚) bar of
square cross section has a hole
bored along its length of 4𝑚 so
that its cross section becomes that
of the figure. Find the resistance
between the square ends.
Answer: 974𝜇𝞨
 𝐩 = 𝑸𝐝
(5.21)

𝑸𝟏 𝐝 𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐 𝐝𝟐 + … + 𝑸𝑵 𝐝𝑵 = ෍ 𝑸 𝒌 𝐝𝒌 (5.22)
𝒌=𝟏

σ𝑵
𝒌=𝟏 𝑸𝒌 𝐝𝒌 (5.23)
𝐏 = lim
∆𝒗→𝟎 ∆𝒗
 ′ (5.24)
𝐏 ∙ 𝐚𝑹 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑉 =
4𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝑹𝟐
′
𝐏 ∙ 𝐚𝑹 ′
𝐏 𝛻 ∙𝐏
2
=𝛁 ∙ 2− (5.25)
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

𝐏 ∙ 𝐚′𝑛 ′ −𝛻′ ∙ 𝐏
𝑉=න 𝑑𝑆 + න 𝑑𝑣′ (5.26)
𝑆 ′ 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅 𝑣 ′ 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅
 𝜌𝑝s = 𝐏 ∙ 𝐚𝒏 (5.27a)
𝜌𝑝𝑣 = −𝛻 ∙ 𝐏 (5.27b)

𝑄𝑏 = ර 𝐏 ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = න 𝜌𝑝𝑠 𝑑𝑆 (5.28a)

−𝑄𝑏 = න 𝜌𝑝𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − න 𝛻 ∙ 𝐏𝑑𝑣 (5.28b)

𝑣
𝜌𝑡 = 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑝𝑣 = 𝛻 ∙ 𝜀𝑜 𝐄 hence (5.29)

𝜌𝑣 = 𝛻 ∙ 𝜀𝑜 𝐄 − 𝝆𝒑𝒗
= 𝛻 ∙ 𝜀𝑜 𝐄 + 𝐏 (5.30)
=𝛻∙𝐃

𝐃 = 𝜺𝒐 𝐄 + 𝐏 (5.31)

𝐏 = 𝒙𝒆 𝜺𝒐 𝐄 (5.32)
 (5.33)
𝐃 = 𝜺𝒐 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒆 𝐄 = 𝜺𝒐 𝜺𝒓 𝐄
Or
𝐃 = 𝛆𝐄 where (5.34)

𝜺 = 𝜺𝒐 𝜺𝒓 and (5.35)

𝜺
𝜺𝒓 = 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒆 = (5.36)
𝜺𝒐
𝐷𝑥 𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝜀𝑥𝑦 𝜀𝑥𝑧 𝐸𝑥 (5.37)
𝐷𝑦 = 𝜀𝑦𝑧 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝑦𝑧 𝐸𝑦
𝐷𝑧 𝜀𝑧𝑥 𝜀𝑧𝑦 𝜀𝑧𝑧 𝐸𝑧

𝑄1 𝑄2
𝐅= 2
𝐚𝑹 (5.38)
4𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑟 𝑅

1
𝑊 = න 𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑟 𝐸 2 𝑑𝑣 (5.39)
2
A dielectric cube of side L and center at the origin
has a radial polirization given by 𝑷 = 𝑎𝒓, where a
constant and 𝒓 = 𝑥𝒂𝒙 + 𝑦𝒂𝒚 + 𝑧𝒂𝒛 . Find all bound
charge densities and show explicitly that the total
bound charge vanishes.
The electric field intensity in polystyrene (𝜀𝑟 = 2.55) filling the
space between the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor is 10
kV/m. The distance between the plates is 1.5 mm. Calculate:
(a) D
(b) P
(c) The surface charge density of free charge on the plates
(d) The surface density of polarization charge
(e) The potential difference between the plates
Answer:
nC
a) 𝐷 = 225.4 2
m
nC
b) 𝑃 = 137 2
m
nC
c) 𝜌𝑠 = 225.4 2
m
nC
d) 𝜌𝑝𝑠 = 137 2
m
e) 𝑉 = 15𝑉
A dielectric sphere (𝜀𝑟 = 5.7) of radius 10 cm has a point
charge 2 pC placed at its center. Calculate:
(a) The surface density of polarization charge on the surface of
the sphere
(b) The force exerted by the charge on a −4 − pC point charge
placed on the sphere
Answer:
pC
a) 13.12 2
m
b) −1.263 𝑎𝑟 pN
 −𝑑𝑄𝑖𝑛 (5.40)
𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ර 𝐉 ∙ 𝑑𝑆 =
𝑑𝑡

ර 𝐉 ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = න 𝛻 ∙ 𝐉𝑑𝑣 (5.41)
𝑆 𝑣

−𝑑𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑑 𝜕𝜌𝑣
= − න 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − න 𝑑𝑣 (5.42)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑣 𝑣 𝜕𝑡
 𝜕𝜌𝑣
න 𝛻 ∙ 𝐉𝑑𝑣 = − න 𝑑𝑣 (5.43)
𝑣 𝑣 𝜕𝑡
or
𝜕𝜌𝑣
𝛻∙𝐉=−
𝜕𝑡

𝐉 = 𝛔𝐄 (5.44)
𝝆𝒗 (5.45)
𝛁∙𝐄=
𝜺
 𝜎𝜌𝑣 𝜕𝜌𝑣
𝛻∙𝐄= =−
𝜺 𝜕𝑡
or (5.46)
𝜕𝜌𝑣 𝜎
+ 𝜌𝑣 = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜀

𝜕𝜌𝑣 𝜎
= − 𝜕𝑡 (5.47)
𝜌𝑣 𝜀
 𝜌𝑣 = 𝜌𝑣𝑜 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑇𝑟 where (5.48)
𝜀
𝑇𝑟 = (5.49)
𝜎

𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑜 10−9 1
𝑇𝑟 = =1∙ ∙ (5.50)
𝜎 36𝜋 5.8 × 107
= 1.53 × 10−19 s
 ර 𝐄 ∙ 𝑑𝒍 = 𝟎 (5.52)

ර 𝐃 ∙ 𝑑𝑺 = 𝑸𝑒𝑛𝑐 (5.53)

𝐄 = 𝐄𝒕 + 𝐄𝒏 (5.54)
 𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏𝒕 + 𝑬𝟏𝒏 (5.55a)
𝑬𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐𝒕 + 𝑬𝟐𝒏 (5.55b)

∆ℎ ∆ℎ ∆ℎ ∆ℎ (5.56)
0 = 𝑬1𝑡 ∆𝑤 − 𝑬1𝑛 − 𝑬2𝑛 −𝑬2𝑡 ∆𝑤 + 𝑬2𝑛 + 𝑬1𝑛
2 2 2 2
𝑬 =𝑬 (5.57)
1𝑡 2𝑡
 𝐷1𝑡 𝐷2𝑡
= 𝐸1𝑡 = 𝐸2𝑡 =
𝜀1 𝜀2
Or (5.58)
𝐷1𝑡 𝐷2𝑡
=
𝜀1 𝜀2
∆𝑄 = 𝜌𝑠 ∆𝑆 = 𝐷1𝑛 ∆𝑆 − 𝐷1𝑛 ∆𝑆
Or (5.59)
𝐷1𝑛 − 𝐷1𝑛 = 𝜌𝑠
 𝐷1𝑛 = 𝐷1𝑛 (5.60)
𝐸1 E1𝑛 = 𝜀2 𝐸2𝑛 (5.61)

𝐸1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 = 𝐸1𝑡 = 𝐸2𝑡 = 𝐸2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2

Or (5.62)
𝐸1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 = 𝐸2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
𝜀1 𝐸1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 = 𝐷1𝑛 = 𝐷2𝑛 = 𝜀2 𝐸2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 or (5.63)

𝜀1 𝐸1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 = 𝜀2 𝐸2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2
= (5.64)
𝜀1 𝜀2

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃1 𝜀𝑟1
= (5.65)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2 𝜀𝑟2
 ∆ℎ ∆ℎ ∆ℎ ∆ℎ (5.66)
0 = 0 ∙ ∆𝑤 + 0 ∙ + 𝐸𝑛 ∙ − 𝐸𝑡 ∙ ∆𝑤 − 𝐸𝑛 ∙ −0∙
2 2 2 2
𝑬𝒕 = 𝟎 (5.67)

∆𝑄 = 𝐷𝑛 ∙ ∆𝑆 − 0 ∙ ∆𝑆 (5.68)
∆𝑄
𝐷𝑛 = = 𝜌𝑠
∆𝑆
(5.69)
𝐷𝑛 = 𝜌𝑠
 𝜌𝑣 = 0, 𝐸=0 (5.70)

𝐷𝑡 = 𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑟 𝐸𝑡 = 0, 𝐷𝑛 = 𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑟 𝐸𝑛 = 𝜌𝑠 (5.71)
𝐷𝑡 = 𝜀𝑜 𝐸𝑡 = 0, 𝐷𝑛 = 𝜀𝑜 𝐸𝑛 = 𝜌𝑠 (5.72)