Dead molecules and

the live organism

Moh. Dliyauddin (176090100111019)
Rubiyatna Sakaroni (176090100111006)
 INTRODUCTION

• Biology with simplification paradigm

• Life can not be simplified

• Science is a complex thing

Manifestations of life

Living things have shown a dynamic development

The organism undergoes continuity

However, the Seed has a dormancy stage where

the viability stops
 Protoplasm, the basic living
substance
 Protoplasm is the living part of a
cell surrounded by a plasma
membrane.
 The protoplasm consists of a
mixture of small molecules such
as ions, amino acids,
monosaccharides and water, as
well as macromolecules such as
nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and
polysaccharides
 Chemical reactions that occur
between compounds cause life
symptoms in protoplasm.
 Cellular organizations of
protoplasm with specific functions
are considered to be associations
of cells of the same kind that work
together to perform common
functions called networks.
 The Significance of Fluid
Movement for Protoplasmic Life
 At the molecular level all macromolecular
structures with their internal surfaces, reticular
membrane systems and other compartments,
form a great protoplasm complexity.
 The structure and functionalities of protoplasm
are significant parameters with respect to the
flow rate of metabolic activity.
 Protoplasm Has Physical Properties Among
Other: Has mechanical properties, Its viscosity
can be varied due to the influence of internal
and external factors, Have the ability to reduce.
 Water and protoplasmic
organization
 Water in free form includes 95% of the
total water in the cell. water acts as a
solvent and as a dispersion medium of
the colloidal system.
 Water is the medium where nutrient
transport takes place, enzymatic
reactions of cell metabolism and
chemical energy transport.
 Because the Water structure has its
ionization products such as O + and H
ions it greatly affects the various
properties of important cell
components such as enzymes, proteins,
nucleic acids, and lipids.
 As is often the case, the catalytic
activity of the enzyme is highly
dependent on the concentration of H +
and OH-
 Therefore, all aspects of cell structure
and function must adapt to the physical
and chemical properties of water.
 Energy Mobillization in the
Living Organization
 The protoplasm is able to mobilize energy,
whenever and wherever it is needed, and in a
perfectly coordinated way.
 The energy is stored in the system in which it
circulates before use
 The more cycles there are, the more energy is
stored.
 The average residence time of energy is a
measure of the complexity of an organized
system. Because all modes of space-time are
combined together.
What are proteins and what do
they do to protect life?
 Proteins are large, complex molecules that play
many critical roles in the body. They do most of the
work in cells and are required for the structure,
function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and
organs.
 Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of

smaller units called amino acids, which are attached

to one another in long chains. There are 20 different
types of amino acids that can be combined to make
a protein. The sequence of amino acids determines
each protein’s unique 3-dimensional structure and
its specific function.
Structural Levels of Protein
Primary Secondary
Interesting story
F. Ritossa –1960 discovered the heat shock (HS)
response while observing the salivary Cells of
Drosophila and named them HSP’s

My name

is

Chapero
heat shock protein
 Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a highly conserved
and ubiquitously expressed family of proteins that
respond to a wide variety of physical and metabolic
stress, including oxidative and thermal stress. HSP
response is usually transcriptionally regulated via
the heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), although post-
transcriptional mRNA stabilization provides an
additional mode of regulation. Following exposure
to various types of stress, the synthesis of HSPs is
rapidly initiated. Subsequently, HSPs prevent protein
denaturation and aggregation, and also assist in
their re-folding
 How do Chaperones work?
 One major function of chaperones is to prevent both newly
synthesised polypeptide chains and assembled subunits from
aggregating into nonfunctional structures

 High temperatures and other stresses, such as altered pH and

oxygen deprivation, make it more difficult for proteins to form their
proper structures and cause some already structured proteins to
unfold

Heat Shock Proteins are induced rapidly at high levels to deal with
this problem
example
 studied relationships between oxidative stress and HSPs in a
physiological model by using Garra rufa (doctor fish), a fish
species naturally acclimatized to different thermal conditions.
We compared fish naturally living in a hot spring with
relatively high water temperature (34.4±0.6 °C) to those living
in normal river water temperature (25.4±4.7 °C), and found
that levels of all the studied HSPs (HSP70, HSP60, HSP90,
HSC70 and GRP75) were higher in fish living in elevated water
temperature compared with normal river water temperature.
In contrast, indicators of oxidative stress, including protein
carbonyls and lipid hydroperoxides, were decreased in fish
living in the elevated temperature, indicating that HSP levels
are inversely associated with oxidative stress. The present
results provide evidence that physiologically increased HSP
levels provide protection against oxidative stress and
enhance cytoprotection.
 Conclusion
 Biology is one example to understand the complexity of life.
 Protoplasm describes complex mechanisms in biology.
 The protoplasm is a portion of a complex and well-
protected material.
 Protoplasm in all cells consists of two main components,
namely water and inorganic components / organic
components.
 From the reaction of chemical reactions that occur between
these compounds that result in symptoms of life symptoms
in protoplasm
 Symptoms of life such as metabolism, growing, moving,
breeding, circulating substances, etc. Such as respiration,
photosynthesis, fat synthesis and so on.