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An Introduction
What is a Community?
Place
Population
Economic system
I. Community Environment
The capacity and ability to define
a community, describe and understand its unique environment,
and take responsibility for community issues and common
purposes.
Sense of Community
Chaskin
• …a degree of connectedness among members and a
recognition of mutuality of circumstance
• One component may be the existence of a threshold level
of collectively held values, norms, and vision
• It may include both an affective dimension (including a
sense of trust, ownership, belonging, and recognized
mutuality) and a cognitive dimension (including ways in
which community members ascribe meaning to their
membership in a group)
• Shared social interests and characteristics (language,
customs, class, ethnicity, etc.) can be used to define a
community
4
Community
S.A. Small & A. Supple
• …social relationships that individuals have based on
group consensus, shared norms and values,
common goals and feelings of identification,
belonging and trust.
5
Basic Way to Define Communities
• Communities of place
• Defined geographic boundaries
• Communities of interest
• Groups of people united, cooperating, or interacting with
regard to a common topic, concern, interest, or shared
history, culture, ethnicity, etc.
• Communities of practice
• Groups of persons in a particular profession or discipline
interacting around their common interest
6
What is the nature of communities?
• Some sources say communities are forms or
structure.
• Other sources try to say they are function or
process.
• In reality, though, they are, in themselves, neither.
• S.A. Small & A. Supple describe communities as
“setting.”
• A more generic, systems-related term is
“environment.”
7
Community Environment
• Communities are not the means but the milieu or
context in which form is created and function
carried out
• Communities have unique environments
• The idea of communities should be thought of in
the broadest possible ways
8
II. Community Structures
The capacity and ability to create, manage, and maintain
appropriate community structures that address community
issues and achieve community purposes.
Definition of Structure
Chaskin
• First he asks “Where does community capacity
reside, and how is it engaged?”
• In this sense he is viewing structure as the first part of his
definition of capacity: the idea of containing (holding,
storing)
10
Forms of Community Capital
• Individuals – Human capital
• Organizations – Organizational capital
• Networks – Social capital
11
Interim Structures
• Created to accomplish short-term purposes or as a
means of creating permanent structures
12
Interim Structures - Examples
• Study committees to identify and frame community
issues
• Informal sponsor groups to gather resources for and
legitimize special projects
• Study groups to gather information and conduct
community learning
• Planning & design committees to modify or create
new community systems or propose changes in
policies
• Special task forces to investigate and correct specific
problems
13
Community Structures
• Are not part of community environment—they are
(or should be) created as a part of a solution.
• Are form, and need to be created following the
determination of function.
• Are not what needs to be done; they are part of
how something gets done.
14
What is Community
Development?
PROCESS OUTCOME
PRACTICE
Community Development
Assumptions
People are capable of rational behavior.
People develop the ability to The results that occur from the
collectively help themselves and community development process.
reduce reliance on external Without process, the desired
outcomes may be diminished Outcomes can be physical,
resources.
or unrealized. Without environmental, or human capital;
An orderly set of steps lead to successful outcomes, the financial resources; or social
problem solving, process can be devalued or capital.
abandoned. Successful
program planning
communities understand the
and task completion. role and contribution of each.
Transforming Communities
• Development in the community
• Community is seen as a given
• Development is seen as enhancing this existing entity
• Clearly defined outcomes, and their achievement
means success and the end of development
• Development of the community
• Enhances the social realm and the relationships
between people
• A process of interaction, communication, and
collective mobilization
• Accomplished through community action and the
purposive interaction of community members
23
Community Transformation Occurs
When a Community…
• Develops a sufficient organizational and network
base that enables effective participation,
communication, and collaboration
24
Definition
2
5
Community Planning framework
Principles
Methods
Scenarios
26
Community Planning framework
Principles
• Apply to almost any situation. Worldwide applicability
Methods
Scenarios
27
Community Planning framework
Principles
• Apply to almost any situation. Worldwide applicability
Methods
• Huge menu of different techniques and approaches
• new ways of people interacting | new types of event | new support frameworks
Scenarios
28
Community Planning framework
Principles
• Apply to almost any situation. Worldwide applicability
Methods
• Huge menu of different techniques and approaches
• new ways of people interacting | new types of event | new support frameworks
Scenarios
• How one might use a combination of methods in a
particular development situation - creating an
involvement or empowerment strategy.
29
Principles
Universally
applicable good
practice
30
Principle: Involve all sections of
the community
Wherever possible, base community planning activities physically in the area being planned.
This makes it much easier for everyone to bridge the gap from concept to reality.
13
Principle: Visualise
Hulme, Manchester, UK
Use all available media to let people know what you are doing and how they
can get involved. Simple methods often work best but be imaginative - get
members of the community to help 15
Source
• Lousiana Community Network
https://www.opportunitylouisiana.com/assets/.../L
CN_Module_1-Intro-to-Com-Dev.p...
• Grabow, Steve and Will Andersen. 2014. Building
Community Capacity.
• www.nickwates.co.uk