Chapter 3

Cells and Tissues

J.C.CATOLICO

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Cell
• Is the basic unit of living structure and
function
• Human body consists of more than 50
trillion cells
• Consists primarily of (C, O2, H, N ) smaller
amount of (Fe, Na, K)
• A living cell is 60 % water bathed in
interstitial fluid.
 Generalized Cell
Animal
Cell
cytoplasm

Cell membrane
Nucleus
 Generalized Cell
Animal Centrioles
Cell
Mitochondria

Golgi

Nucleus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Generalized Cell
Animal
Cell Nucleolus
Ribosomes

Rough E. R.

Smooth E.R.
 The Nucleus
Nucleolus

Pores

Chromatin Threads
Nuclear
(Chromosomes)
Envelope
 THE NUCLEUS
• 1. nuclear membrane –
double membrane that
bounds the nucleus;
selectively permeable
membrane since it contains
nuclear pores.
• 2. nucleoli – sites where
ribosomes are assembled.
• 3. chromatin – present in
non- dividing cells, when a
cell is dividing to form two
daughter cells, the
chromatin threads coil and
condense to form a rodlike
bodies called chromosomes.
 NUCLEUS:FUNCTIONS
• The cell nucleus is a remarkable
organelle because it forms the
package for our genes and their
controlling factors. It functions to:
• Store genes on chromosomes
• Organize genes into chromosomes
to allow cell division.
• Transport regulatory factors & gene
products via nuclear pores
• Produce messages ( messenger
Ribonucleic acid or mRNA) that
code for proteins
• Produce ribosome's in the
nucleolus
• Organize the uncoiling of DNA to
replicate key genes
 PLASMA MEMBRANE

• Comprised of lipids and proteins,

frequently combined with carbohydrates
• Phospholipid, amphipathic molecule
• Selectively permeable
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
FUNCTION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

Separate the living cell from the nonliving

environment – isolation & protection.
Play an active role in the movement of
substances into and out of the cell.
Sense and interact with the external
environment (Hormones/Growth Factors).
Maintain Structural and Chemical
relationship of cell.
 Specializations
• A. Microvilli-
finger-like
projections;
increase the cell’s
surface area.
• Cell junctions-
hold cells
together; allow
for
communication
between cells.
 B. MEMBRANE JUNCTION
• Tight junction:
“Zip-lock” seal
between cells
• Prevents fluid
from leaking
between cells
• Between cells of
bladder and
intestines
Anchoring junction (desmosomes)
• Spot-weld between
cells .
• Prevents cells
from being pulled
apart.
• Cells in skin.
 Gap junction
• Protein channels

• Allow for
communication
between cells

• Heart muscle
cells
 CYTOPLASM
• Cellular material outside the nucleus and inside
the plasma membrane
• Site of most cellular activities
• Has 3 major elements (cytosol –
semitransparent fluid that suspends the
elements. Organelles – the metabollic
machinery of the cell. inclusions – chemical
substances that may or not be present; most
inclusions are stored nutrients or cell products.)
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES (are
specialized cellular compartments, each performing its own function to
maintain the life of the cell.)
• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ( comprise of tubules and canals (serves as
mini-circulatory system because it provides a network of channels for
carrying substances (proteins)
• Folded membranes attached to nucleus
– Rough ER (because studded with ribosomes)
• Initiates synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins to Golgi
(abundant in cells that export protein products. (e.g pancreas cells
produces enzymes to be delivered to small intestines.
– Smooth ER
• Steroids& Lipid synthesis, detoxifies drugs
• E.g (liver cells)
• e.g (cells of the testes – produce steroid-based hormones)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Unit
Membrane

Ribosomes

Vesicles
forming
Rough vs. Smooth ER:
Ribosomes

Smooth ER

Rough ER
 Golgi Apparatus
• Processes and packages material made
by ER

• Distributes material in sacs called

vesicles
 The Golgi Complex
Material Material Destined
Received for Export
From ER

TEM
 Lysosomes
• Contain digestive enzymes

• Digest material engulfed by cell

• Digest and recycle damaged organelles

 PEROXISOMES
• Membranous sacs containing powerful
oxydase enzymes.
• Detoxifies a number of harmful or
poisonous substances including alcohol
and formaldehyde. (note: abundant in liver
and kidney cells, which they are active in
detoxification.)
 CENTRIOLES
• Paired, rod-shaped
• They lie closed to the nucleus
• Directs the formation of mitotic spindle
during cell division.
Endomembrane system
 The Flow of Membrane
Destined for
Export
Lysosome

Golgi
Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Destined for
Golgi
 Mitochondria
• “Powerhouse” of cell
• Produce energy (ATP).
• The organelles we call mitochondria are found
in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells.
Their most immediate function is to produce
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by
systematically extracting energy from nutrient
molecules (substrates). ATP is the universal
energy-yielding commodity in cells, used by
enzymes to perform a wide range of cellular
functions. We cannot survive, even for a
moment, without a sufficient supply of ATP.
• We refer to the process as aerobic metabolism
because it requires constant removal of excess
electrons through the reduction of oxygen.
• The most immediate purpose of our respiratory
and circulatory systems is to deliver oxygen to
the tissues for use by mitochondria, and to
eliminate carbon dioxide. Inhaling and exhaling
is properly called breathing, not respiration.
The consumption of oxygen by mitochondria is
called cellular respiration, or simply
respiration.
 The Mitochondrion
Outer
Membrane

Inner
Membrane
Matrix
Cristae
 Cytoskeleton
• Protein fibers
– Cell shape
– Cell movement
– Cell division
 OTHER CELL STRUCTURES:
Cilia and Flagella
• Movement of
fluid, or
locomotion
• Two types
– Cilia: shorter
– flagella: fewer
 CELL PHYSIOLOGY
• In order for a cell to stay alive, a cell must
exchange materials such as food and wastes in
the environment, in one way or the other, these
materials must cross the cell membrane.

• E.g – water – can go in and out freely

---large molecules (proteins and carbohydrates cannot )
---- charge ions cannot
 Passive Transport Processes

• Movement along a
concentration agent
• No energy is required

• NOTE: inside the cell-

intracellular fluid.
• Outside –
extracellular(interstitial
fluid)
 Diffusion
• Movement of particles
from an area of high
concentration to an
area of low
concentration.
• (e.g) O2 inhaled – air
passes through the cells
lining the air sacs of the
lungs --- bloodstream ----
transported throughout
the body.(free
energy/kinetic energy)
 Osmosis
• Net diffusion of water through a
selectively permeable
membrane. ( water will move
from an area with more water
present to an area with less
water.)
• E.g (cells lining the intestine---
absorb water from digested
food)-----these cells absorbed
salts and water follows salt into
the cells
• Kidneys
 Facilitated diffusion
• Facilitate (help or assist)
higher----lower
concentration)
• Cells---glucose (for energy
production)
• Glucose can’t diffuse----
transporter-----carrier
enzyme
 Filtration
• Water and solutes are forced through a membrane
by fluid or hydrostatic pressure (kidneys-when water
and dissolved waste are force out of blood vessels
and into kidney tubules by blood pressure)
• B.P– --created by pumping of heart ---blood flows
from capilaries----plasma and dissolved materials----
surrounding tissues

• Passive process
 Active processes
• Using ATP (energy) to move substances
across the membrane from low
concentration to high concentration.
• Movement against the concentration agent
 Solute pumping
• Active transport of
solute across
membrane
• Diffusion channels
• requires ATP
• NOTE: PISO
 Bulk Transport
• Transport of large particles and fluid
droplets using vesicles of plasma
membrane
• Uses ATP (energy)
 Endocytosis

Endocytosis -
bulk transport
into cell
 Exocytosis -
bulk transport
out of cell
 Cell division

Figure 3.13
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.32
 DNA Replication
 Genetic material is
duplicated

Figure 3.13
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.32
 Cell Division Slide 3.33

 1. Mitosis
 Division of the
nucleus
 2. Cytokinesis
 Division of the
cytoplasm
 Results in the
formation of
two identical
daughter cells
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Body Tissues
A tissue is a group of similar cells
that have a similar embryologic origin
and are specialized for a particular
function. The three embryologic
tissues are mesoderm, endoderm,
and ectoderm.
The science that deals with the study
of tissues is histology.

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Body Tissues
 Four primary types
 Epithelium - C
 Connective tissue - S
 Nervous tissue - C
 Muscle - M

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 Epithelial Tissues
 Location
 Body coverings and linings
 Glands

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.42
 Epithelium Characteristics
 closely packed cells
 arranged in continuous sheets
 has one free surface and a basement
membrane
 avascular (no blood supply)
 has a nerve supply
 regenerates easily if well nourished
 functions include protection, absorption,
filtration, secretion
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 Classification of Epithelium

 Number of cell layers

 Simple – one layer
 Stratified – more than
one layer

Figure 3.16a

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 Classification of Epithelium

 Shape of cells
 Squamous – flattened
 Cuboidal – cube-shaped
 Columnar – column-like

Figure 3.16b

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 Simple Epithelium

 Simple squamous
 Single layer of flat
cells (very thin
and very soft)
 Lines lungs
(allows
diffusion of
gases b/w air
and blood)
Figure 3.17a

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Simple Squamous cells
xs of simple squamous cells
 stratified
• Consists of many layers of
mostly flat cells.
• Epidermis of the skin
(keratinizing)
• Oral cavity, esophagus
and the vagina. (these
tissues are barrier to
misroorgansms)
 Transitional Epithelium
• Type of stratified
epithelium in which
the surface cells
change shape from
round to squamous.
• E.g----urinary
bladder (empty—
round, fill flat)
 Simple Epithelium
 Simple cuboidal
 Single layer of cube-
like cells
 Thyroid gland ---
secretion of thyroxin
 Salivary---secretion
of saliva
 Walls of kidney
tubules---have
microvilli;
reabsorption of
useful materials
back to the blood Figure 3.17b

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Simple cuboidal
 Simple Epithelium

 Simple columnar
 Single layer of tall
cells
 goblet cells
(lining of
intestines/respirat
ory tract) produce
mucus
 Lines digestive Figure 3.17c

tract
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 Goblet cells
Simple columnar
Nucleus
 Simple Epithelium
 Pseudostratified(cil
iated epithelium)
 Single layer, but
some cells are
short, some tall.
 Often has
cilia(sweep
mucus).
 Respiratory tract
Figure 3.17d

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Pseuodstartified columnar
Pseodostratified columnar with cilia
 Stratified Epithelium
 Stratified squamous
 Cells at the free
surface are flat
 A protective
covering where
friction is common
 Locations
 Skin, Mouth

Figure 3.17e

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 Nucleus

Transitional epithelial

Connective tissue

Basement membrane Stratified squamous cells

 Connective Tissue Characteristics
 most abundant tissue type in body
 3 basic parts - cells, ground substance,
fibers
 does not occur on free surfaces
 has a nerve supply - except for cartilage
 highly vascular - except for cartilage,
tendons and ligaments

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• Ground substance – matrix = water, adhesion proteins &
polysaccahrides; acts as a glue. Absorbs water which affects
consistency form fluid to semisolid to rockhard

• Cells – embedded themselves in the matrix

• Fiber proteins – collagen and elastin

• Function – protects organs by serving as a packing material around

them; bears weight, withstands stretching and abrasions.
 Connective Tissue Characteristics

 extracellular matrix can be semi fluid,

gel-like or calcified(bony)
 The matrix of bone is made primarily of
calcium salts, which are hard and
strong.

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 Connective Tissue Types
 Bone (osseous tissue)
 Bone cells in lacunae
(cavities)
 Hard matrix of calcium
salts
 Blood vessels are in
very precise
arrangements called
haversian system.
Figure 3.18a

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 Connective Tissue Types

 Hyaline cartilage
 Most common
cartilage
 Rubbery
matrix(chondrocyte
s ---within the
cartilage. Matrix
 Found in nose,ears,
b/w vertebrae of
spine ribs Figure 3.18b

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 Connective Tissue Types
 Dense connective
tissue
 collagen fibers
 Cells are fibroblasts
 Examples
 Tendons – attach
muscle to bone
 Ligaments – attach
bone to bone
Figure 3.18d

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 Connective Tissue Types
 Loose connective
tissue (areolar)
 Most widely
distributed
connective tissue
 Soft, pliable
 Found under skin

Figure 3.18e

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 Connective Tissue Types

 Adipose tissue
 Stores fat
 Functions
 Insulates body
 Protects organs
 Energy storage

Figure 3.18f

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 Connective Tissue Types

 Blood
 Blood cells
surrounded by
fluid matrix
 Transports
materials

Figure 3.18h
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 Muscle Tissue

 Consists of fibers that can contract

 Function is to produce movement
 Three types
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle

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 Muscle Tissue Types

 Skeletal muscle
 Makes up the muscles
that are attached to the
bones.

Figure 3.19b

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 Muscle Tissue Types
 Cardiac muscle
 Branched and
have one nucleus
each.
 Cell membranes
are folded at each
end(I.D)
 Myocardium
(cardiac muscle as
a whole) Figure 3.19c

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 Muscle Tissue Types

 Smooth muscle
 Also called visceral
muscle(refers to internal
organs)
 E.g.– stomach and
intestine(peristalsis)
 Walls of arteries and veins,
smooth muscle constricts or
dilates the vessels to
maintain B.P

Figure 3.19a

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Muscle Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Tissue
Location Attached to Heart Hollow
bones organs
Number of Many One One
Nuclei
Voluntary? YES NO NO

Striated? YES YES NO

Intercalated NO YES NO
disc?
 Nervous Tissue
 Cells: Neurons
 Function To
send impulses
to other areas
of the body
 Axon/dendrites.
 Does not
regenerate
 Neuroglial cells- Figure 3.20

support cells
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