SOLAR VACCINE

STORAGE
VACCINE STORAGE
 India has one of the largest Universal Immunization Programs
(UIP) in the world. This program spends more than 500
million USD every year for immunizing children against
dieses like polio.
 But according to World Health Organization (WHO) nearly 50
% vaccine are spoiled before they could reach their desired
destination.
 Hence effective vaccine utilization and reduction in wastage
are of key importance.
 This achieved by keeping the vaccine temperature between 0-
80C as long as possible.
 The most of the refrigerator products in the market
are not suitable for vaccine storage because they are
larger in size, bulky and also cannot maintain the
temperature between 0-80C for prolonged hours.
 So in this seminar we focus our attention on mini
refrigerators which are smaller in size and can
maintain the desired cabinet temperature for desired
time period.
Refrigeration Techniques:
1. vapour compression refrigeration technique :
2. Photovoltaic powered vapour compression
units.
 The elements of a photovoltaic refrigerator include
the photovoltaic modules, coupled to a 12V battery
usually of the lead acid type, via a voltage regulator
to prevent over-charging of the battery. Power from
the battery bank is extracted to drive a d.c. motor
compressor unit.
 Solar photovoltaic power systems have the great
advantages of low maintenance and long life under
arduous environmental conditions.
 In addition they are lightweight and portable.
3. solar energy powered absorption refrigeration
 LITERATURE REVIEW
1. solar vaccine storage units for remote area by
W. W. S. Charters.(1987)
 In this paper the photovoltaic arrays are used to powered
vapour compression units.
 Extensive field testing of solar photovoltaic refrigerators has
been carried out, with the ultimate aim of their wide-scale use
in developing countries for essential purposes such as vaccine
storage.
 Attention has been drawn to the requirement for improved
insulation of the storage box.
 To achieve a better understanding of the design and system
sizing, tests were carried out in two extreme weather
conditions:1.winter in Melbourne & 2.summer in Melbourne
 Throughout the tests, the following data have been
collected:
1. temperatures
2. times
3. millivolt measurements
 The following main conclusions can be drawn:
1. using standardized components a suitable vaccine storage
system can be designed.
2. careful attention must be paid in the design to ensure
adequate voltage control and regulation.
3. further work is required on the thermostatic temperature
control.
4. significant improvements in efficiency can be achieved only
by improving the COP of the refrigerator via better insulation, more
effective heat absorption and rejection, optimal thermostat settings etc.
2. Design and performance study of a solar energy
powered vaccine cabinet by M. Hammad*, S. Habali (2000)
 An insulated steel sheet cabinet of 0.6 X 0.3 m face area and 0.5
m depth was designed.
 A solar energy powered absorption refrigeration cycle was used.
 A geometrical design was made for a cooling cabinet to store
vaccine. This unit is cooled by an absorption Aqua-Ammonia
absorption system, which is powered by solar energy.
 The performance curves of the unit were obtained using a
mathematical model, which was solved using a computer
algorithm as a main program connected to 18 subroutines, the
cooling side employed MATLAB, while the solar side used
EXCEL programs.
 A COP of 0.65 was reached as a maximum value, which is a
reasonable value, and was found at generator temperature range
of 100-120 C.
3. A hybrid solar-assisted adsorption cooling unit for
vaccine storage.(2007)
 A concept of a hybrid adsorption cooling unit for vaccine storage
utilizing solar energy as a main power supply and a gas burner as an
alternative power supply has been developed.
 The cooling system consists of a common evaporator located in the
refrigerator’s cabin, two adsorbent beds, two condensers, two
receivers, two non return valves, two solenoid valves and two
control circuits for both the heating units and the solenoid valves.
 As an adsorbent, zeolite-13X has been selected for the gas-fired
system and selective water sorbent SWS-2L for the solar- energy
system. Water is selected to be the refrigerant for both units.
 Theoretical investigations of the expected performance of the
designed cooling unit have shown a coefficient of performance of
0.26 for the solar system & 0.275 for gas burner.
4. Performance evaluation of solar adsorption cooling
systems for vaccine preservation in Sub-Saharan Africa
(2016)
 An intermittent solar adsorption refrigerator can supply cold
needed for vaccine and medicine preservation.
 This paper investigated theoretically the potential of solar
adsorption refrigerators in sub Saharan Africa and the dynamic
behavior of the system and its performance were assessed using
real climatic conditions of four sub Saharan African sites.
 A refrigerator operating with activated carbon/methanol as a
working pair was simulated using a 1-D mathematical model to
investigate its dynamic optimization.
 The predicted Specific cooling power(SCP) and Solar
coefficient of performance(SCOP) are respectively, 3.18W/kg
and 0.131.
Adsorption cycle:
Phase 1-2: Isosteric heating
Phase 2-3: Isobaric desorption
Phase 3-4: Isosteric cooling
Phase 4-1: Isobaric cooling
conclusion
 The primary function of the 'cold-chain' is to distribute and
deliver vaccines, in their most potent state, from the
manufacturer to the vaccination site.
 Effective vaccine utilization and reduction in wastage are of
key importance.
 This achieved by keeping the vaccine temperature between 2-
80C as long as possible.
 To maintain the vaccine cabinet to required temperature
various techniques are used.
 Solar refrigerator can supply cold needed, especially for
vaccine and medicine preservation.
 Solar absorption technique and solar adsorption technique can
maintain the vaccine cabinet temperature between 0- 80 C.
References:
1. W. W. S. Charters “solar vaccine storage units for remote area”
Rev. Int. Froid 1987 Vol 10.
2. M. Hammad*, S. Habali “Design and performance study of a
solar energy powered vaccine cabinet” Applied Thermal
Engineering 20 (2000) 1785-1798.
3. A. Allouhi, T. Kousksou “Performance evaluation of solar
adsorption cooling systems for vaccine preservation in Sub-
Saharan Africa” Applied Energy 170 (2016) 232–241.
4. Belal Dawoud “A hybrid solar-assisted adsorption cooling unit for
vaccine storage” Renewable Energy 32 (2007) 947–964.
5. Steve McCarney, Joanie Robertson “Using solar-powered
refrigeration for vaccine storage where other sources of reliable
electricity are inadequate or costly” Vaccine 31 (2013) 6050–
6057.
6. Dr.R.E.Critoph “an ammonia carbon solar refrigerator for vaccine
cooling” Renewable Energy, Vol.5, Part I, pp. 502-508, 1994.