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Technology
Introduction
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Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the classification of IP addresses
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Contents
1. IP Overview
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
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Contents
1. IP Overview
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TCP/IP and OSI Model
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
Conversation Layer
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TCP/IP Protocol Stack
Application HTTP, Telnet, FTP, Provide application
Layer TFTP, Ping, etc. program
network interfaces
Establish terminal to
Transport TCP/UDP terminal connection
Layer
ICMP Addressing and route
Network IP selecting
Layer ARP/RARP
Data Link Ethernet, 802.3, PPP, Physical media access
Layer HDLC, FR, etc.
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Ethernet structure
Ethernet II Frame
TPI TCI
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IP Header Format
32bits
8 8 8 8
Version Header Type of Service Total Length
(4bits) Length (8bits) (16bits)
Identifier Flags Fragmented Offset
(16bits) (3bits)
Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum
(8bits) (8bits) (16bits)
Source IP Address
(32bits)
Destination IP Address
(32bits)
Options
(Variable Length)
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IP Address
IP address is 32 bits long
Including network portion and a host portion.
Network portion
Uniquely identifies a physical or logical link and is common to all
devices attached to that link.
Host portion
Uniquely identifies a particular device attached to the link.
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Classification of IP Address
First Octet Rule
1.0.0.0~ Network
126.255.255.255 0 Host(24bits) Class A
(7bits)
128.0.0.0~
191.255.255.255 1 0 Network(14bits) Host(16bits) Class B
192.0.0.0~
Network(21bits) Host(8bits) Class C
223.255.255.255 1 1 0
224.0.0.0~
239.255.255.255 1 1 1 0 Multicast Address Class D
240.0.0.0~
255.255.255.255 1 1 1 1 0 Reserved Class E
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Private IP Address
Private IP Address
10.0.0.0~10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0~172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0~192.168.255.255
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Subnet Mask
Distinguish network portion and host portion
MaskIPfor
address
class C: 255.255.255.0
192 168 1 1 IP subnet segment
“And”
Subnet mask 192 168 1 0
255 255 255 0
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Subnets and Subnet Masks
IP address: 192.168.1.17
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IP Address Configuration
Interconnection address planning
P2P link, just 2 hosts necessary
Mask length: 30, For example: 10.1.1.0/30
Broadcast network
According to the number of hosts in this network
For example:
– 60 hosts in the network: 192.168.1.0/26
– 120 hosts in one network: 192.168.2.128/25
Device Identifier
32 bit mask length
For example: 1.1.1.1/32
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Questions
There are 28 sets of RTN 910/950/980 in the network, and
one of them are the gateway which connected to the NMS,
please give them a private IP subnet in the class C IP address.
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Contents
1. IP Overview
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
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Traditional IP Forwarding
Parse IP header Parse IP header Parse IP header
mapped to next hop mapped to next hop mapped to next hop
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ATM Switching Process
UNI
UNI
NNI NNI
VC VP VC
switching switching switching
VPI = 1 VPI = 18 VPI = 26 VPI = 20
VCI = 1 VCI = 44 VCI = 44 VCI = 30
Connection-oriented
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Technology Combination
+ =
Router ATM switch MPLS Router
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MPLS Introduction
MPLS——Multi-Protocol Label Switching
Multi-Protocol
Support various layer 3 protocols, such as IP, IPv6, IPX, SNA
Label Switching
Label the packet, forward packets by label switching instead of IP
forwarding
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MPLS Basic Concepts
LER MPLS domain
IP
Non-MPLS LER LSR LSR
device
LER
LSP
LSR
MPLS Non-MPLS
device
LER
LSR: Label Switch
Router
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MPLS Packet
MPLS packet header locates between layer2 and layer3
0 19 22 23 31
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MPLS Label Stacking
MPLS nested
Domain
IP L1 IP L2 IP L3 L2 IP L4 L2 IP L2 IP IP
MPLS Domain
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Tunnel Technology
The point to point tunnel provides the path for data
transparently transmission.
QinQ
Tunnel
A B C D
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MPLS tunnel technology
MPLS domain
LSP
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MPLS Label Operations
Label operations include push, swap and pop.
Pus Swap
h
IP LER
L2 IP
L1 IP
L3 IP IP
LER
Swap Pop
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Creating the Static LSP
Static LSPs are manually created by users to assign
labels for each forwarding equivalence class (FEC) .
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MPLS Label Forwarding
In the MPLS domain, there is a static LSP to the IP host
3.3.3.3/32
H
G I
E F
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MPLS Label Forwarding Table
For the former static LSP to the IP host 3.3.3.3/32, the
MPLS label forwarding table in A, B, C, D are:
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MPLS Label Forwarding
The MPLS forwarding for the former FEC
IP Packet IP Packet
To:3.3.3.3 Label:300 Label:20 Label:100
To:3.3.3.3
IP Packet 0 Packet
IP IP Packet
To:3.3.3.3 To:3.3.3.3 To:3.3.3.3
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MPLS Tunnel Application
The MPLS tunnel application in OptiX RTN 910/950/980:
Node B
RNC
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MPLS TTL Processing
Uniform Mode
CE PE P PE CE
MPLS Domain
MPLS
TTL254
MPLS MPLS
TTL254 TTL253
IP TTL IP TTL IP IP TTL
255 254 TTL 252
254
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MPLS TTL Processing (Cont.)
Pipe Mode
CE PE P PE CE
MPLS MPLS
TTL100 TTL 99
MPLS MPLS
TTL100 TTL100
IP TTL IP TTL IP IP TTL
255 254 TTL 253
254
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Summary
Background of the MPLS
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Contents
1. IP Overview
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
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Contents
3. MPLS OAM
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MPLS Ping
MPLS ping is used for LSP failure detection
5.5.5.5/32 4.4.4.4/32
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MPLS Traceroute
MPLS traceroute is used for LSP failure locating
5.5.5.5/32 Echo reply 4.4.4.4/32
Echo reply
Echo reply
1.1.1.0/30 2.2.2.0/30 3.3.3.0/30
Tunnel (LSP)
Echo Request (TTL:1)
Echo Request (TTL:2)
Echo Request (TTL:3)
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Functions of MPLS OAM
MPLS OAM must realize the following functions:
MPLS OAM provides on-demand and continuous connectivity
verification of LSPs to confirm that faults do not exist on the
monitored LSPs.
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MPLS OAM Packets
MPLS OAM packets can be classified into three types:
Connectivity verification packets
CV(Connectivity Verification)
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Connectivity Verification Packets
CV Detection
For the CV detection on the egress, the egress sets a
sliding window to 3 seconds and judges the LSP status
according to the CV packet received in the sliding window.
FFD Detection
For the FFD detection on the egress, the egress sets a
sliding window as three times as the interval for sending
the FFD packet and judges the LSP status according to the
FFD packet received in the sliding window.
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Backward Defect Indication
Packets
MPLS OAM BDI Detection Case
LSP Out-label
Transit LSR
14:OAM Alert
CV/FFD
LSP Out-label
14:OAM Alert
backwar BDI
d Transit LSR
tunnels
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Questions
What’s the difference between CV packet and FFD
packet?
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Contents
1. IP Overview
3. MPLS OAM
4. QinQ Overview
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Ethernet Frame Structure
46---1500 bytes
64---1518 bytes
Length/Type Mean
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VLAN Application
DA SA TPID (8100) VLAN Ethernet Data
VLAN Frame
6 6 2 2 N
Ethernet frame
without VLAN
Ethernet frame
flag
with VLAN tag 2
VLAN 1 VLAN 2
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QinQ Overview
QinQ is the VLAN (IEEE 802.1Q) stacking technology
6 6 2 2 N
VLAN Frame
6 6 2 2 2 2 N
QinQ Frame
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Application Scenario of QinQ
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Summary
IP address classification and application
QinQ application
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Thank you
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