 Phos which means “light” and

 Graphia meaning “to write”.

 Therefore photography best translates to
“write with light” (Herschel 1839)
 Photography is an art or science which
deals with the reproduction of images
through the action of light, upon
sensitized materials, with the aid of a
camera and its accessories, and the
chemical processes involved therein.
 Modern Photography may be defined as
any means for the chemical, thermal,
electrical or electronic recording of the
images of scenes, or objects formed by
some type of radiant energy, including
gamma rays, x-rays, ultra-violet rays,
visible light and infrared rays.
 Is the reproduction of some scene,
object or persons through the means of
photography; a mechanical result of
photography.
 Is the one who is tasked to take
photographs of crime scene, suspects,
witnesses or any physical evidence
found at the crime scene, bring them to
the laboratory for processing, recording
and filing.
 Is an art or science which deals with the
study of the principles of photography,
the preparation of photographic
evidence, and its application to police
work. (Aquino 1972)
 Is the art or science of photographically
documenting a crime scene and
evidence for laboratory examination
and analysis for purposes of court trial.
(Redsicker 2001)
 Light
 Equipment
 Chemicals
Name Year Contribution

1839 The birth year of photography

William Henry Fox Talbot 1839 Calotype - is an early

photgraphic process using a
paper coated with silver iodide. The
term calotype comes from
the Greek (kalos), "beautiful",
and (tupos), "impression"
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerretype - a light tight plate
Daguerre and holder was designed to hold a
Joseph Nicephore copper plate faced with a thin
Niepce layer of silver. Prior to exposing the
plate in the camera, the plate was
made light sensitive by fumes from
iodine crystals in a wooden box.
NAME YEAR CONTRIBUTIONS

Louis Desirie Blanquart- 1850 Printing paper coated with

Evard albumen

Frederick Scott Archer 1851 “wet plate” process when

collodion

1885 Gelatin emulsion printing paper

NAME YEAR CONTRIBUTION

John F.W. Hershel 1856 “photography”

James Clark Maxwell 1861 colors

1890 Full corrected lenses

1907 Lummiere color

process

U.S Eastman Kodak 1914 Kodachrome- color

subtractive
Edwin H. Land 1947 Polaroid

1960 LASER making possible

Holograms

1988 Digitals
NAME YEAR CONTRIBUTIONS
MADDOX 1854 Dry Plate Photography
United States 1859 Forensic Science in Phoyography
Used as evidence in California
case

Odelbercht 1864 Advocate the use of

photography for identification
and documentation.

Alphonse Bertillion 1882 Anthropometric measurements

Dr. R.A. Reis 1902 World’s earliest crime laboratory
Victor Baltazard 1910 Photographic comparison in
Ballistics
 FOR BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPHS

 1859 – Daguerreotype – civil case, Lueo

vs. United States

 1874 – criminal case – introducing

photograph as identification evidence,
Underzook vs. Commonwealth, 76 Pa.
340.
 FOR COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS

 1943 – Civil Litigations vs. City and

County of Denver (health ordinance)

 1960 – State vs. Conte (graphic wound

of victim)
 1902 – Dr. R.A. Reis – first academic
curricular in forensic science

 1950 – August Vallmer – COP of

California – School of criminology

 1954 – Philippiines – Plaridel Educational

Institution now Philippine College of
Criminology, Manila
 Refresh memory
 Preserve time and event
 Save money
 To produce a pictorial record at the
crime scene
 To help in keeping the police officer’s
memory in remembering accurately as
to where the locations of physical
evidence are found
 To help securing and obtaining
confession, description, desposition and
information relating to the case.
 Identification
 Record
 Presentation
 Substitution
 Deciding factor
 A photograph is a mechanical result of
photography. To produce a
photograph, light (electromagnetic
radiation) is needed. Light radiated by
the subject must reach the sensitized
material (film) in controlled amount. The
exclusion of all other lights to be
recorded on the sensitized material
inside the light-tight box (camera) is
controlled by the lens.
 Light/ electromagnetic radiation
 Camera
 Sensitized material
 Chemical process
 Subject/object
 Technical skills
 Knowledge in photography
 Experience
 Attention details
 Photographer’s photographs will stand
up in court
 Lens – optical unit mounted in the
camera which make possible the
formation of a sharp image.

 Light – is a form of electromagnetic

impulse of the same family as radio,
infra-red, ultra-violet, x-rays and cosmic
rays.
 Light – one of a number of known form
radiant electromagnetic energy which
travel in wave motion.
 186,000 miles per second in air

 Sources of Light
a. Natural light
b. Artificial light
 The flow of energy at the universal spped
of light through free space or through a
material/medium in the form of the
electric and magnetic fields that make
up electromagnetic waves such as radio
waves, visible light, and gamma rays.
X-Ray 0-30

Ultra-violet 30-400

Visible Light 400-700

Infrared Light 700-1000 nm

Radio light waves 1000-up nm

 Red - longest wavelength
 Violet – shortest wavelength
 White light – waves seen together
 COSMIC RAYS
 GAMMA RAYS
 X-RAYS
 ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
 HEAT RAYS HERTZIAN WAVES
The importance
of Light to
Photography
 1. Transparent objects – merely slow
speed
 2. Opaque objects – absorb the light/
does not allow the light to pass
 3. Translucent objects – allow light to
pass
 Speed – 186,000 miles per second
 Straight direction in the atmosphere
 1. Reflection – a change in direction of
light wave when it becomes in contact
with different objects.

› Diffuse reflected light – rough surface

› Specular reflected light – smooth surface
Diffuse reflected light – rough surface
Specular reflected light – smooth surface
 2. Refraction – the bending or redirection
of light waves when passing obliquely
from one medium to different density.
 3. Prism-a solid for dispersing light; a
transparent polygonal solid object with
flat faces light rays bend twice when
passing a prism.
 Lens – a piece of transparent material
with at least one curved surface, which
refracts, or bends light rays coming from
an object.

 PG 23
 A. Convex Lenses – convergence of
light rays when light rays meet at one
point after pass through a lens.
 Cancave lens – diverging rays are light
rays which bend away from a given
point.
NAME DEFINITION/ USES IMAGE

1. Double convex

2. Plano convex

3. Concavo Convex

4. Double Concave

5. Plano Cooncave

6. Concavo Convex

Achromatic Lens Pg 24
 Converging Rays – light rays meet at one
point and pass through lenses

 Diverging rays – light rays bend away at

a given point
NAME USES

WIDE ANGLE LENS Narrow and crowded spaces

NORMAL LENS Regular Photography

TELEPHOTO Long and Far distances

ZOOM LENS Variable

MACRO LENS Magnify from 1 to 9x

MICRO LENS Magnify enlarge 10x up.

 Lens Aberrations
- Chromatic Aberration
- Achromatic Lens
- Lens curvature and curved mirrors
- Parallax
- Astigmatism
-Aspherical Lens

PG. 27
 What is camera?

 A light tight box; with a lens to form an

image; with shutter and diaphragm to
control the entry of the image; a means
of holding a film to record the image/
and a view finder to show the
photographer what image is.
NAME INVENTIONS

Alfred Watkins and E.J. Wall Pin Hole Camera

Giovanni Battista Dela Porta Camera Obscura

Louis Jacques-Mande Daguerre Daguerreotype

 Principle of a pinhole camera: light rays from an object pass through a small

hole to form an inverted image .

 Instant Cameras – 20 seconds about 4
Minutes
 Instamatic Camera
 Spy Cameras – “security hidden
cameras”
 Range Finder Camera
 Single Lens Reflex (SLR) Camera
 Twin Lens Reflex Camera (TLR)
 Lens
 Focusing ring
 f/stop ring
 Flash terminals
 Self-timer
 Shutter release button
 Film advance lever
 Shutter speed dial
 Accessory light shoe
 Film rewind crank
 ASA/ISO Dial
 View Finder
 Camera that takes video or still
photographs, or both, digitally by
recording images on a light-sensitive
sensor.
 Fixed memory
 Removable memory

 Pg 37
 Can be viewed in a computer monitor
 LCD Liquid Crystal Device monitor
 Flash Unit
 Zoom lens capability
 Sound Recording
 Removable lens

Pg 37
 A sheet of celluloid, used as a base for
photographic sensitive material.

 FILM DEVELOPMENT is the chemical

treatment process which causes a latent
image to become visual image.
 1. Base – bases are cellulose acetate films are usually called as
safety bases because of low flammability, support of the
emulsion.

 2. film sprocket – perforations/holes found in both edges of the

film used to engage with the sprocket tooth of the camera for
forward movement.

 3. film frame- subdivision that image are separated from the

other.

 4. film leader – designed to guide the photographer for easy

insertion.

 5. emulsion – sensitive emulsion layers consisting silver salts and

dyes.
 1. Base
 2. emulsion side
 3. film sprocket
 4. film frame
 5. film leader

 Pg 42
 ASA (American Standards Association)
rating, Arithmetical value

 DIN ( Deutche Industri Normen) rating,

Logarithmic value

 ISO (International Standard

Organization) rating, Arithmetic and
Logarithmic value.
 ASA 12 DIN 12degrees ISO12/12
 ASA 25 DIN15 ISO25/15
 ASA50 DIN18 ISO50/18
 ASA100 DIN21 ISO100/21
 ASA 200 DIN24 ISO200/24
 ASA 400 DIN27 ISO400/27
 ASA800 DIN30 ISO800/30
 ASA1600 DIN33 ISO1000/33
 Greater are thus better suited to low-light
situations and action shots (where the
short exposure time limits the total light
received).
 The benefit of slower film is that it usually
has finer grain and better color rendition
than fast film.
 Professional photographers of static
subjects such as portraits or landscapes
usually seek these qualities
 Photographing subjects such as rapidly
moving sports or in low-light conditions, a
professional will choose a faster film.
emulsion speed

Chloride paper – slow speed and suited for

contact printing

Bromide paper – fast speed and for printing or

enlarging

Cholo-bromide paper- multi-speed and can

be used both in printing and enlarging.
 A process whereby photographic film is
treated after photographic exposure to
produce the desired negative or positive
image
 Development– an invisible latent image
in an emulsion made visible
 Film developer – a chemical agent or
solution which causes development to
take place
 Stop bath – acid bath which instantly
checks the process of development
which prevent contamination
 Fixation- the unexposed
underdeveloped silver halides crystals
are dissolved and removed from
emulsion
 Over development - development at
too long in time
 Under development – insufficient
development

 Pg 67
 Developing
 Stop bathing
 fixing
 Washing
 Drying
 Negative – refers to a strip of celluloid
material which is the by-product of
chemically processed film which the
tonal value of colors are inversed.
 Negative image – conversion of latent
image recorded in a film when
chemically treated during film
developmet
 Enlarger- a projector for making
enlarged positives by means of
projection printing.
 Printing – positives from negatives
 Enlarging – enlarge a positives from small
negatives
 Burning in – the adding of exposure time
on specific area to bring out the details
 Dodging – holding of some lights to a
specific area to make it lighter in density
 Lamp house
 Ventilator
 Red filter
 Arm
 Zoom fixing lever
 Column
 Enlarging
 Base board
 Column socket

 PG 76
Photography in
Police Works:
 Prisoners subject of investigation
 Unidentified cadavers
 Missing persons
 Lost or Stolen Properties
 Civilian

 Pg 95
 Crime Scenes – the location where an
illegal act took place or from which the
physical evidences are located

 Traffic Accidents
 Objects of evidences
 Evidential Traces
 Techniques and Procedures

 Crime scene should not be touched,

altered, or removed unless it is sketched,
measured and photographed.
 Fingerprints
 Weapon used or tools
 Footprints
 Blood stains
 Skid marks
 Broken glass
 Photomicrography – taking photograph
through microscope

 Photomacrography or
Macrophotography- taking of
photograph with a short focus lens.

 Microphotography – reduced the sized

of large objects, microfilm
 A photographic shot o a suspect from
head to elbow level taken in various
views – from whole body, front, right and
left side view, right and left side quarter
view from head to elbow.
 Photograph both the entrance and exit
wounds.
 Entrance wound is always larger than
the diameter of the bullet
 Hair surrounding the entrance wound
and the skin burned to a reddish or
grayish brown
 Photograph close up of the wound in
color to show various discolorations
 Photgraph the subject at a distance
from four views, showing a full body
 Close and show the knot, bruise and
marks
 Foot and tire impression
 Broken branches
 Buttons of clothinng
 Disturbance of rocks and other natural
resources
 Displacement of objects
 The suspect
 The victim
 View the room ingress and egress
 Evidence struggle
 Cigarette butts, blood stains or broken
glass
 Close up shots to the victim
 Weapon and its place
 Conditions and time of discovery
including environment
 General condition of the corpse
 Damage part of the corpse
 General view of the exterior of the
building
 Points of break of entry
 Point of exit
 Condition of room
 Places were valuable material are found
 Articles left behind like metal saw, screw
 Traces evidences like fibers, cigarette
butts