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ENZYME
Alfi Muntafiah
Laboratorium Biokimia FK Unsoed
Metabolism is all chemical reactions that occur in the body
Energy Level
Z Activation
X + Y + Energy
Z
X+Y
Time
A + B C
+ ATP
Energy Level
C Activation
Energy
A+ B
Time
A metabolic pathway is the sequence of biochemical
reactions in order to transfer chemical energy
A B C D
Reaction 1 Reaction 2 Reaction 3
Starting Product
molecule
Figure 5.2
Enzymes control rates of metabolic reactions
Figure 5.6
An enzyme inhibitor is a substance that inhibits the
catalytic action of the enzyme.
Competitive inhibition
Figure 5.7a, b
An enzyme inhibitor is a substance that inhibits the
catalytic action of the enzyme.
Noncompetitive inhibition
digestion
respiration
photosynthesis
(plants and some bacteria)
protein synthesis.
DIGESTIVE
ENZYMES
Alfi Muntafiah
Laboratorium Biokimia
FK UNSOED
Digestion is the process of breaking down food
physical digestion,
large chunks of food are ground into tiny particles
chemical digestion,
through the use of enzymes released into the digestive tract
large polymeric biomolecules are broken into individual
monomers or oligomers (e.g. dimers or trimers).
what we eat
glu
Chemical digestion is essential for breaking food into particles that can
be absorbed
glu
.
Salivary glands
Lingual glands
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Intestinal mucosa
Enzymatic rate
+
+ OH- OH- less often
H OH-
+
H H OH-
+
+
H OH-
+ OH-
H H
+ +
H OH-
+
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
pH (in pH units) Temperature (oC)
pH varies widely among different segments of
the digestive tract
Pepsinogen is inactive
when released in the
gastric pits,
but once it diffuses into
the lumen of the
stomach the acidic
conditions enable it to
have a weak proteolytic
activity.
Pepsinogen can digest some ingested protein,
more importantly pepsinogen molecules will partially
digest one another, and converting each other into the
fully active enzyme pepsin.
Pepsin breaks peptide bonds between amino acids thus
it cleaves long polypeptides into shorter polypeptides.
most of the digestion of protein takes place in
the small intestine.
Secretion of bile into the small intestine is triggered by CCK (the same hormone
that induces pancreatic enzyme secretion).
The bile salts are particularly important for fat digestion in that they serve as
emulsification agents.
bile salts are amphipathic molecules
breakage occurs
enzymes enzyme unchanged