Standards and Applications of SDH

• Why SONET/SDH?

• SONET/SDH solution

• SDH format

• SDH mapping/multiplexing

• SDH pointer application

 Why SONET/SDH

• SONET/SDH’s goal
simplify interconnection between network operators
expand the compatibility

• Imperfection of PDH
Three different regional digital hierarchies
Rate & Format conversion induces extra high cost to customers

• Demanding broadband services

To the high speed signals, the processing time for performing
conversion between PDH region is not long enough
 SONET/SDH solution

• Modularity

51.84 OC-1

155.52 OC-3 STM-1 155.52

622.08 OC-12 STM-4 622.08

2488.32 OC-48 STM-16 2488.32

9953.28 OC-192 STM-64 9953.28

Speed Unit (Mbps)
 SONET/SDH solution

• Fixed percentage overhead

DS1 OC-1 OC-3 OC-12
1.544Mbps 51.84Mbps 155.52Mbps 622.08Mbps
Mux Mux Mux
28 3 4

OH
• Overhead insertion for PDH signals
Voice DS1 DS2 DS3
64Kbps 1.544Mbps 6.312Mbps 44.736Mbps
Mux Mux Mux
24 4 7

OH1 OH2 OH3

 SONET/SDH benefits

• Reduce costs
simplified standard interfaces
eliminate vendor proprietary interfaces

• Integrated network elements

enhanced operations capabilities

• Survivability
grants upgradability (modularity)

• No bandwidth bottlenecks
 SDH & PDH

• PDH and SDH containers

Digital Rate (Mbps) SDH
Hierarchy North Japan Europe ISDN Designated
Level American Signal

0 0.064 0.064 0.064 - -

1 1.544 1.544 - H11 C-11
- - 2.048 H12 C-12
2 6.312 6.312 - - C-2
- - 8.448 - -
3 - 32.064 - - -
- - 34.368 H31 C-3
44.736 - - H32 C-3
4 - 95.728 - - -
- - 139.264 H4 C-4
274.176 - - - -
 SDH End-to-End Connection

SDH
PDH Regenerators PDH
section
REG REG
PTE MSTE MSTE PTE
STM-1 STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-1

Multiplex section

Path
 SDH Format

• STM-1 frame

1 2 9 10 11 270

1
RSOH

4
P
AU-n pointers
O STM-1 PAYLOAD
H
MSOH

9
C-4
AU-4 125µs
VC-4
 Location of SDH overhead bytes

• RSOH (Regenerator section overhead)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
Framing bytes National use
Trace

2
B1 E1 R F1
Order-
BIP-8 Media depend. wire MDB Res. User National use
byte
3 D1 D2 R D3 R R
Data Media depend. Data Data Reserved
com byte com MDB Res. com
 Location of SDH overhead bytes

• MSOH (Multiplex section overhead)

5 B2 B2 B2 K1 R R K2 R R

BIP-24 APS Reserved APS Reserved

6 D4 R R D5 R R D6 R R
Data Data Data
Reserved Reserved Reserved
com com com

7 D7 R R D8 R R D9 R R
Data Data Data
Reserved Reserved Reserved
com com com
D10 R R D11 R R D12 R R
8
Data Data Data
Reserved Reserved Reserved
com com com

9 S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
Order-
Growth Growth National use
SSM FEBE wire
 VC-3/VC-4 Path Overhead

1 2 9 1byte 270
1 J1 Path trace
Regenerator
2 B3 BIP-8
3
SOH C2 Signal label
4 AU-n pointers G1 Path status
5 F2 User
6 H4 Multi. frame
Multiplex
7 F3 PUC
8
SOH K3 Growth
9 N1 NOB

125µs
 VC-1/VC-2 Path Overhead

VC-1/VC-2 POH

V5 Bit No. Assignments

125µs 1 BIP-2 B3
J2 2
3 FEBE
250µs 4 RFI G1
N2 5 L1
6 L2 Signal Label C2
375µs 7 L3
K4 8 RDI G1

J2 J1
500µs
N2 N1

K4: under study

 STM-1 Mapping Structure

STM-N
×N
AUG

×3
AU-3 AU-4

VC-3 VC-4
×3
×7
TUG-3
TUG-2
×4 ×3
TU-11 TU-12 TU-2 TU-3

VC-11 VC-12 VC-2 VC-3

C-11 C-12 C-2 C-3 C-4

44.736 Mbps
1.544 Mbps 2.048 Mbps 6.312 Mbps 34.368 Mbps 139.264 Mbps
 STM-1 Pointers’ Locations

• AU-4 pointer
A1
VC-4
H1 Y Y H2 I I H3 H3 H3

(E-4 mapping)

• AU-3 pointer
A1
3 VC-3s
H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

(DS3 mapping)
 STM-1 Pointers’ Locations

• TU-3 pointer
A1 VC-4

AU-4 pointer H1 H1 H1
P H2 H2 H2
O H3 H3 H3
H (E-3 mapping)

• TU-2/TU-1 pointer
(DS1/E1/DS2 mapping)
A1 VC-4 or VC-3
V2
AU-4 pointer P V1

O (VC-2s, VC-12s or VC-11s) V3

H
V4
 Pointer’s Organization

• (H1, H2) pointer

H1 H2 H3
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D

N: New Data Flag (NDF) I: Increment bit Negative justification

S: Size bit D: Decrement bit opportunity

• (TU-1/TU-2) pointer
V1 V2 V3 V4
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D

TU size Pointer action For future

0 0 TU-2 study
1 0 TU-12
1 1 TU-11
 Frequency Justification

• positive frequency justification

1 STM-1 Frame No.1 Start of VC-4

4 H3 H3 H3 (3 3 3) J1
(H1, H2)=
9 (0110100000000011)
1 Frame No. 2
4 H3 H3 H3 (3 3 3) J1
(H1, H2)= X at time ts
9 (0110100000000011)
1 Frame No. 3
4 I-bits inverted H3 H3 H3 (4 4 4) J1
(H1, H2)= 3 stuffed bytes
9 (0110101010101001)
1 Frame No. 4
4 H3 H3 H3 (4 4 4) J1
(H1, H2)=
9 (0110100000000100)
 Frequency Justification

• negative frequency justification

1 STM-1 Frame No.1 Start of VC-4

4 H3 H3 H3 (3 3 3) J1
(H1, H2)=
9 (0110100000000011)
1 Frame No. 2
4 H3 H3 H3 (3 3 3) J1
(H1, H2)= X at time ts
9 (0110100000000011)
1 Frame No. 3
4 D-bits inverted (2 2 2) J1
(H1, H2)=
9 (0110100101010110)
1 Frame No. 4
4 H3 H3 H3 (2 2 2) J1
(H1, H2)=
9 (0110100000000010)