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Amino Acid Biosynthesis
Nitrogen Fixation is the process by which
atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is captured by certain
organisms and converted into NH3, a form of
nitrogen that can be used by all organisms.
Just as carbon fixation can be performed by only
certain organisms (eg. photosynthetic), nitrogen
fixation is performed only by a small number of
bacterial species, including symbiotic bacteria
(Rhizobium) in the roots of leguminous plants.
As you might predict, the reduction of N2 to NH3
is a highly endergonic process (see Figure 13.1):
Nitrogen fixation is catalyzed by a nitrogenase
complex
Electrons (& energy from reduction potential)
are derived from 4 NADH
At least 16 ATP must be hydrolyzed
The ammonia (NH3) produced is either utilized
by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria, or secreted into
the environment
In the case of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing
bacteria, the NH3 is transported into adjacent
host cells (where it is used in glutamine
synthesis)
Note that a byproduct of nitrogen fixation is
hydrogen gas (H2)
Amino Acid Biosynthesis
Amino Acid Biosynthesis:
Most prokaryotes, many simple eukaryotes, and
plants can synthesize all 20 amino acids used in
protein synthesis from simple organic precursors
and metabolic intermediates
Mammals and other animals can only synthesize
a subset of these amino acids; known as the 12
"nonessential" amino acids (see Table 14.1)
The remaining amino acids (8 "essential"
amino acids) must be obtained from the diet
this explains one of the primary reasons for
the requirement of protein in the diet
"Complete" proteins contain adequate
amounts of all the essential amino acids
generally derived from animals (meat, milk,
eggs)
"Incomplete" proteins are deficient in one or
more of the essential amino acids
generally derived from plants
Histidine Biosynthesis
Histidine is synthesized through a complicated biosynthetic
pathway that involves the production of phosphorylated
nucleoside intermediates
Alkaloids: Introduction
small organic molecules (secondary metabolites) of
plants which contain nitrogen (ussually in a ring)
alkaloids, protoalkaloids, pseudoalkaloids
structurally diverse: 12,000+ structures
20% of all plant species
concentrated in specific plant taxa (families, genera,
species)
biosynthetically diverse (families/types)
strong biological effects (-> 3 ecological examples)
Historical and human importance:
antitussive (codeine)
emetic (emetine)
vinblastine (indole)