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Session
A is non-singular if A 0.
For Example:
1 1 3
Let A= 1 3 3
5 3 3
A=1(9+9)+1(3+15)+3(3-15)
= 18+18-36
=0
A is a singular matrix .
Non-Singular Matrix
1 1 1
Let B= 2 1 1
1 2 3
B= 1(-3+2)-1(6-1)+1(-4+1)
= -1 – 5 – 3
= -9 0
B is a non-singular matrix.
Example -1
Find the value of x for which the matrix
x 1 0
A = 2 -1 1 is singular.
3 4 -2
Solution:
A =0
x 1 0
2 -1 1 = 0
3 4 -2
x 2 4 - 1 -4 - 3 = 0
7
-2x + 7 = 0 x =
2
Adjoint of a Square Matrix
T
C11 C12 C13 C11 C21 C31
adjA = C21 C22 C23 C12 C22 C32
C31 C32 C33 C13 C23 C33
Solution :
A = a b
c d
d -b
adjA =
-c a
Example - 3
1 2 1
Find the adjoint of matrix A 3 1 0
0 1 1
Solution:
1 2 1
We have A 3 1 0
0 1 1
T
1 3 3
adjA 3 1 1
1 3 5
1 3 1
adj A = 3 1 3
3 1 -5
Properties
n A , if i j
we know ir rj 0, if i
a C
r 1 j
Properties (Con.)
Therefore, each diagonal element of A (adjA) is
equal to |A| and all non-diagonal elements are equal
to zero.
| A | 0 0 .. 0
0 |A| 0 ..0
i.e. A (adjA) = = A In
: : : :
0 0 0 ..| A |
n A , if i = j
Similarly, (adjA)A = ri rj O, if
C a =
i j
r=1
Solution:
We have A = 1 2
3 -5
= -5 -2
-3 1
Solution (Con.)
L.H.S. = A adj.A = 1 2 -5 -2
3 -5 -3 1
A = -5-6 =-11
L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence verified.
Example-5
If a matrix A =
p q
r s , find det. {A(adjA)}.
Solution:
We have A = p q
r s
T
adjA = s -r = -rs -q
p
-q p
=(ps-qr) 1 0
0 1
Now, det.{A(adj.A)}=(ps-qr)×1
= ps-qr
Inverse of a Matrix
1
Then A-1 = .(adjA)
A
Example-6
-1 4 2
Find the inverse of the Matrix A = 2 -1 4
1 2 3
Solution:
-1 4 2
We have A = 2 -1 4
1 2 3
-1 4 2
A = 2 -1 4 = -1 -3 - 8 - 4 6 - 4 +2 4 +1 = 13 0
1 2 3
Solution cont.
T T
C11 C12 C13 -11 -2 5 -11 -8 18
adjA = C21 C22 C23 = -8 -5 6 = -2 -5 8
C31 C32 C33 18 8 -7 5 6 -7
-11 -8 18
1 1
Hence, A-1 = .(adjA) = -2 -5 8
A 13
5 6 -7
Properties
(i) A square matrix is invertible if it is non-singular.
(ii) Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
Solution:
We have A = 2 -3
3 4
IA - 6I + 17A-1 = 0, 17A-1 = 6I - A
4 3
-1 1 1 6 0 2 -3 1 4 3 17 17
A = (6I- A)= - = =
17 17 0 6 3 4 17 -3 2 3 2
-
17 17
4 3
17 17
Hence, A =
-1
3 2
-
17 17
Example-8
0 1 1 A2 -3I
Find A-1 , if A = 1 0 1. Also show that A =
-1 .
1 1 0 2
Solution:
0 1 1
We have A = 1 0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
A = 1 0 1 =0(0-1)-1(0-1)+1(1-0) =1+1 = 2 0
1 1 0
Now,
C11 =-1,C12 =1,C13 =1
T
-1 1 1 -1 1 1
C21 =1,C22 =-1,C23 =1 adj.A= 1 -1 1 = 1 -1 1
1 1 -1 1 1 -1
C31 =1,C32 =1,C33 =-1
Solution cont. 1 1 1
- 2
2 2
1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1
Hence, A-1 = adj A = 1 -1 1 = - 2
A 2 1 1 -1 2 2
1 1 1
-
2 2 2
A2 -3I 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
Also = 1 0 1 1 0 1 -3 0 1 0
2 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
1 2 1 1 3 0 0
= 1 2 1 - 0 3 0
2 1 1 2 0 0 3
1 -1 1 1
= 1 -1 1 = A-1
2 1 1 -1
Example-9
2 1 4 5 -1
If A = and B= , verify that AB = B-1A-1.
5 3 3 4
Solution:
(AB) = 2 1 4 5
5 3 3 4
= 11 14
29 37
T
LHS = AB = 37 -29 = 37 -14
-1
-14 11 -29 11
Solution (Cont.)
T
B = 4 -3 = 4 -5
-1
-5 4 -3 4
T
A = 3 -5 = 3 -1
-1
-1 2 -5 2
a1 b1 c1 x d1
a b
2 2 c2 y = d2
a3 b3 c3 z d3
AX = B ... i
Solution of Simultaneous Linear
Equations (Matrix Method)
The matrix A is called the coefficient matrix of the
system of linear equations.
A 1 AX A 1B
A 1A X A 1B
B1 A XI
1
X= (adjA)B
A
Important Results
1 2 -3 x -4
or 2 3 2 y = 2
3 -3 -4 z 11
AX = B
Solution (Cont.)
1 2 -3 x -4
where A = 2 3 2 , X = y , B= 2
3 -3 -4 z 11
1 2 -3
A= 2 3 2
3 -3 -4
1 0 0
= 2 -1 8 Applying C2 C2 - 2C1 and C3 C3 +3C1
3 -9 5
=1(-5+72)= 67 0
A-1 exists.
-6 14 -15
T
-6 17 13
adjA = 17 5 9 = 14 5 -8
13 -8 -1 -15 9 -1
Solution (Con.)
-11 1 -6 17 13
A = .adj A = 14 5 -8
A 67 -15 9 -1
Now, X = A-1 B
1 -6 17 13 -4
X= 14 5 -8 2
67 -15 9 -1 11
x 1 201 3
y = -134 = -2
z 67 67 1
x =3 , y =-2 , z =1
Example-11
Using matrices, solve the following
system of equations
x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 14
x + 4y + 7z = 30
Solution:
1 1 1 x 6
or 1 2 3 y = 14 AX = B
1 4 7 z 30
Solution (Cont.)
1 1 1 x 6
where A = 1 2 3 ; X = y ; B= 14
1 4 7 z 30
1 1 1
Now, A = 1 2 3 =1(14-12)-1(7-3)+1(4-2)
1 4 7
=2- 4+2=0
T
2 -4 2 2 -3 1
adjA = -3 6 -3 = -4 6 -2
1 -2 1 2 -3 1
2 -3 1 6 0
and (adjA)B = -4 6 -2 14 = 0 = 0
2 -3 1 30 0
1 1 x 6 - k
or = AX = B
1 2 y 14 - 3k
1 1
A= = 2-1=1 0
1 2
A-1 exists.
T
2 - 1 2 - 1
adjA = =
-1 1 -1 1
Solution (Con.)
-1 1 2 - 1
A = adjA =
|A| -1 1
x 2
-1 - 1 6 - k
Now, X = A B =
y -1 1 14 - 3k
x 12 - 2k - 14 + 3k -2 + k
= =
y -6 + k + 14 - 3k 8 - 2k
x = -2 + k and y = 8 - 2k