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Basics of Compressors
Webinar - 19 Jan, 2017
1. Introduction
2. Compressor classification
4. Centrifugal compressors
5. Conclusions
1 Introduction
Source: Wikipedia
Reciprocating
Positive
Displacement
Rotary
Compressors
Dynamic Centrifugal
Compressors
HERMETIC
• Permanently sealed
• Motor cooled by refrigerant gas
• Not easy to service or repair
Examples:
• Swing compressor
• Scroll compressor
SEMI-HERMETIC
Examples:
• Reciprocating compressor
• Screw compressor
OPEN DRIVE
Examples:
• Screw compressor for use with ammonia
𝑽
𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝟑 ∗ ( 𝟑ൗ𝑽 )𝒌
𝟐
Compressor Compressor
graphs envelope
Reciprocating
Positive
Displacement
Rotary
Compressors
Dynamic Centrifugal
Advantages Drawbacks
• Suitable for water- and air-cooled • High level of maintenance: a lot of
applications moving parts
• Low cost when applied in low capacities
• Simple controls
Rolling piston
Screw
Orbiting scroll
Swing Link
Fixed Scroll
Fixed
Discharge pipe Discharge Valve
Orbiting
Intake finishes
[Compression starts]
Intake starts
Spheroidal
Main screw cast iron
Teeth re-enforced
Gate rotor
with special
composite material
Upper Lower
compression compression
cycle cycle
Balanced thrusts
Suction Suction
pressure pressure
0%
0% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 110%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Compressor Load
35 Basics of Compressors - Internal use only
3.3.4.1. Single screw compressors: capacity control
VSuction
Volume Ratiok =
VDischarge
P = Vk
PDischarge ≅ PCondensing
Volume Ratiok =
PSuction
𝐶
With k = 𝑝ൗ𝐶𝑣 = isentropic exponent or specific heat ratio
38 Basics of Compressors - Internal use only
3.3.4.1. Single screw compressors: Variable Volume Ratio
IDEAL CASE
PDischarge ≅ PCondensing
Efficiency loss
41
3.3.4.1. Single screw compressors: Variable Volume Ratio
Female rotor
Male rotor
4 lobes / 6 flutes
5 lobes / 7 flutes
Sliding valve Different configurations
Refrigerant gas is compressed ONLY in the upper side of the two rotors
Reciprocating
Positive
Displacement
Rotary
Compressors
Dynamic Centrifugal
𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑𝟏 = (𝝆𝟐 𝑼𝟐 𝟐 − 𝝆𝟏 𝑼𝟐 𝟏 )/2g
𝑣𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑣𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑣𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
Refrigerant
gas Rotation
Capacity
unloading system
53 Basics of Compressors - Internal use only
Basics of Dynamic compressors: Centrifugal Chillers
.
D C
Moveable discharge unloader piston travels inward allowing to keep sufficient gas speed even
in strongly unloaded conditions and extending unit working range.
Improves stability at extremely light loads and reduces surge potential
Compressor unloading down to 10% (dual compressors down to 5%) without hot gas bypass
- Advantages:
- High Energy Efficiency (VFD
control).
- Low noise levels
- Soft start
- Small
- Draw backs:
- Operating range
- Only possible for mid-sized
chillers.
- Trouble shooting
It is very important