Quiz time!!!

Memory, Learning,
Language and Thinking
Review Quiz
The winning team gets…
• Pride
• To omit up to three multiple choice questions off of tomorrow’s test.
5. The serial position effect refers to how

A. People tend to remember words presented at the beginning and end

of a list better than words presented in the middle.
B. Elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal
for storing information in long-term memory.
C. Information tends to be remembered better if it is processed more
deeply.
D. People tend to use automatic processing to encode words presented
at the beginning and end of a list and use effortful processing to
encode words presented in the middle.
E. Information associated with numbers are remembered accurately.
1. The invention of computers and the useful research
in cognitive psychology prompted scientists to
understand human memory as a(n)

A. filing cabinet
B. library
C. file folder
D. dictionary
E. information processing system
2. Echoic memory is to iconic memory as

A. sound is to sight
B. rehearsal is to encoding
C. short-term memory is to long term memory
D. working memory is to sensory memory
E. sight is to sound
3. When individual items are grouped into larger units that have meaning
this is called

A. encoding
B. chunking
C. elaborating
D. mapping
E. schemas
4. When a person reads a question, she most likely
does not store images of the look of the letters and
words. Instead she is probably using _________
encoding by thinking about the words’ meaning and
utilizing _________ encoding if she silently says the
words to herself.

A. phonological, visual
B. visual, motor
C. phonological, semantic
D. semantic, phonological
E. visual, phonological
6. Encoding that is done on purpose and requires our conscious
attention, like making a grocery list or taking notes for a class is
referred to as _________.

A. context-dependent memory
B. automatic processing
C. maintenance rehearsal
D. state-dependent memory
E. effortful processing
7. Schemas influence the encoding process by:

A. reducing retroactive interference

B. grouping individual units of information into one large unit
C. creating a readiness to perceive information in a particular way
D. increasing the amount of maintenance rehearsal
E. developing a plan by which memories are formed
8. Herman Ebbinghaus’ studies of the process of
forgetting revealed that memory:

A. decreased at a more or less constant rate over time

B. decreased slowly at first and then sharply after 9 or
10 days
C. remained constant for the first 3 to 4 days and
gradually decreased thereafter
D. decreased rapidly at first and then slowed
noticeably afterward
E. increased at first, then decreased over time
9. One morning you are on the phone with Sally talking
about a book she is reading. You agree to pick up a
copy of that book and read it along with Sally. An hour
or so later your brother calls and you discuss the book
he is reading. The next day as you drive to the
bookstore, you cannot remember which book Sally was
reading. This example best illustrates:

A. retroactive interference
B. retrograde amnesia
C. implicit memory
D. state-dependent memory
E. proactive interference
10. Alzheimer’s disease involves a disruption in the functioning of several
different neurotransmitters, but one particularly important one is

A. dopamine
B. acetylcholine
C. serotonin
D. epinephrine
E. endorphins
11. Modern psychologists often use the term working memory to refer to

A. actively working
B. sensory memory
C. short-term memory
D. long-term memory
E. actively thinking
12. Long-term potentiation refers to

A. the disruptive influence of old memories on the

formation of new memories
B. the disruptive influence of recent memories on the
retrieval of old memories
C. our tendency to recall experiences that are
consistent with our current mood
D. the increased efficiency of synaptic transmission
between certain neurons following learning
E. our increased ability to recall long-ago events as we
grow older
15. Memory researchers are suspicious of long-repressed memories of
traumatic events that are “recovered” with the aid of drugs or
hypnosis because

A. such experiences usually are vividly remembered

B. such memories are unreliable and easily influenced by
misinformation
C. memories of events happening before the age of 3 are especially
unreliable
D. of all of the above
18. Memory for skills is called

A. procedural memory
B. explicit memory
C. episodic memory
D. semantic memory
E. declarative memory
19. Echoic memory fades after approximately

A. 1 hour
B. 1 minute
C. 0.5 seconds
D. 30 seconds
E. 2 seconds
21. The spacing effect means that:

A. distributed study yields better retention than cramming

B. retention is improved when encoding and retrieval are separated by no
more than 1 hour
C. learning causes a reduction in the size of the synaptic gap between
certain neurons
D. delaying retrieval until memory has consolidated improves recall
22. In Sperling’s experiment, research participants were shown three rows
of three letters immediately followed by a low-, medium-, or high-
pitched tone. The participants were able to report

A. all three rows with perfect accuracy

B. only the top row of letters
C. only the middle row of letters
D. any one of the three rows of letters
24. State dependent encoding holds that memory is
most effective when information available at
encoding is also present at retrieval. An example of
this is:
A. If you learn a phone number when drunk, you will
remember it better when drunk.
B. If you learn a phone number when scuba diving,
you will remember it better when scuba diving.
C. If you learn a phone number in your bedroom you,
you will remember it better in your bedroom.
D. All of the above are examples of the encoding
specificity principle.
What isn’t here but could be?

Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory

Other memory strategies/effective ways to encode
Differentiation between explicit and implicit memories
Brain structures and memory
Additional retrieval cues and forgetting theories
Memory construction errors (including false memories, source amnesia
children’s eyewitness recall, constructed and repressed memories)
4. In Pavlov’s experiments on the
salivary conditioning of dogs, the
UCS was
A) a tone
B) salivation to the sound of a tone
C) the presentation of food (meat powder)
D) salivation to the food in the mouth
3. Last year, Dr. Meany cleaned Jane’s skin with
rubbing alcohol prior to administering a painful
shot. Which of the following processes accounts
for the fact that Jane currently becomes fearful
every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
A) observational learning
B) classical conditioning
C) the overjustification effect
D) operant conditioning
E) latent learning
33. An event that increases the
frequency of the behavior that it
follows is a(n):
A) conditioned stimulus.
B) respondent.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) reinforcer.
E) operant.
1. The desire to perform a
behaviour due to promised rewards
or threats of punishment involves:
A) latent learning
B) extrinsic motivation
C) partial reinforcement
D) delayed reinforcers
2. It’s easier to train a pigeon to peck a
disk for a food reward than to flap its
wings for a food reward. This
illustrates the importance of
___________ in learning.
A) primary reinforcers
B) stimulus generalization
C) spontaneous recovery
D) biological predispositions
E) shaping
6. In order to assess whether Joe had
Alzheimer’s, researchers conditioned her to
blink in response to a sound that signaled
the delivery of a puff of air to her face. The
sound is a
A) UCS
B) UCR
C) CS
D) CR
7. In Pavlov’s experiments, the
dog’s salivation triggered by the
sound of the tone was a(n)
A) CR
B) UCS
C) UCR
D) CS
8. Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars
may also begin to fear speeding trucks
and motorcycles. This best illustrates

A) generalization
B) secondary reinforcement
C) shaping
D) latent learning
E) spontaneous recovery
9. Four year old Matt asks his mother for a
treat every time they go to the grocery store.
Although at one time she granted every
request, she now does so less consistently.
Research suggests that Matt will

A) soon give up asking for a treat entirely

B) come to ask for a treat only occasionally
C) continue to ask for a treat every time he goes to the
store
D) ask for a treat every time they go out even if they
don’t go to the grocery store
10. Skinner is to shaping as
Bandura is to
A) punishing
B) extinguishing
C) discriminating
D) modeling
E) generalizing
12. A fixed interval schedule of
reinforcement is one in which a
response is reinforced only after a(n)

A) unpredictable time period has elapsed

B) specified time period has elapsed
C) specified number of responses has been made
D) unpredictable number of responses has been made
 13. Which is the best example of
the overjustification effect?
A) Ronnie loses interest in playing baseball after the
coach suspends him for a throwing error
B) Justin dislikes doing homework even more after his
father eliminates his allowance because he got an F
in math
C) Annette enjoys babysitting even more after her
hourly wage is tripled
D) Monika loses her former interest in her violin after
her mother promises to pay her $3 per hour of
practice
14. Experiments have shown that children who
are promised a payoff for playing with an
interesting toy subsequently lose interest in the
toy. These experiments provide an example of
A) spontaneous recovery
B) respondent behaviour
C) observational learning
D) negative reinforcement
E) the overjustification effect
16. Receiving delicious food is to
escaping electric shock as
___________ is to ___________
A) positive reinforcer, negative reinforcer
B) primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer
C) immediate reinforcer, delayed reinforcer
D) reinforcement, punishment
E) partial reinforcement, continuous reinforcement
19. Months after she was robbed, Courtney’s
heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of
the place in which she was attacked. This best
illustrates
A) shaping
B) generalization
C) delayed reinforcement
D) associative learning
E) latent learning
20. The ability to distinguish between a
conditioned stimulus and similar
stimuli that do not signal an
unconditioned stimulus is called
A) shaping
B) acquisition
C) discrimination
D) generalization
E) latent learning
22. According to Skinner, human
behaviour is controlled by
A) biological predispositions
B) external influences
C) emotions
D) unconscious motives
E) conscious motives
24. Every Saturday morning Gary washes
the breakfast dishes so that his father will
allow him to drive the car. In this instance,
the driving of the car is a(n)
A. positive reinforcer
B. unconditioned response
C. conditioned response
D. negative reinforcer
25. Compared with apartment dwellers whose
landlords pay their energy costs, those apartment
dwellers who pay their own energy costs use less
energy. This illustrates that energy usage is
influenced by

A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) observational learning
D) spontaneous recovery
E) latent learning
27. In explaining juvenile
delinquency, Skinner would most
likely have emphasized
A) inherited predispositions
B) fear and greed
C) faulty child rearing practices
D) a lack of moral values in society
29. The use of physical punishment
may
A) lead to the suppression but not the forgetting of
undesirable behaviour
B) demonstrate that aggression is a way of coping with
problems
C) lead people to fear and avoid the punishing agent
D) do all of the above
45. For purposes of effective child-
rearing, most psychologists favor
the use of _____ over _____.
A) shaping; modeling
B) reinforcement; punishment
C) spontaneous recovery; extinction
D) classical conditioning; operant conditioning
E) primary reinforcers; secondary reinforcers
30. A stimulus that acquires reinforcing
power by association with another
reinforcer is called a ___________
reinforcer.
A) negative
B) primary
C) partial
D) conditioned (secondary)
E) positive
32. The predictability rather than the
frequency of CS-UCS associations
appears to be crucial for classical
conditioning. This highlights the
importance of _______ in conditioning.
A) shaping
B) discrimination
C) generalization
D) cognitive processes
E) intermittent reinforcement
 34. In Aldous Huxley’s Brave New
World, infants develop a fear of books
after books are repeatedly presented
with a loud noise. In this fictional
example, the loud noise is a(n):
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.
37. Five-year-old Trevor refuses to communicate with
anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him
candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken
word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The
teacher is using the method of:
A) latent learning.
B) modeling.
C) delayed reinforcement.
D) spontaneous recovery.
E) shaping.
39. In a well-known experiment,
preschool children pounded and kicked
a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult
had just beaten on. This experiment
served to illustrate the importance of:
A) negative reinforcement.
B) operant conditioning.
C) respondent behavior.
D) observational learning.
E) spontaneous recovery.
41. Which of the following is an
unconditioned response?

A) playing jump rope

B) running through a maze to get a food reward
C) sweating in hot weather
D) clapping after a thrilling concert performance
47. If a tone causes a dog to salivate
because it has regularly been
associated with the presentation of
food, the tone is called a(n):
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) primary reinforcer.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) immediate reinforcer.
48. Our ability to learn by
witnessing and imitating the
behavior of others best illustrates:
A) respondent behavior.
B) prosocial behavior.
C) operant conditioning.
D) observational learning.
49. A fixed-ratio schedule of
reinforcement is one in which a
response is reinforced only after a(n):
A) specified time period has elapsed.
B) unpredictable time period has elapsed.
C) specified number of responses have been made.
D) unpredictable number of responses have been
made.
What isn’t here but could be?

Cognitive maps
Latent learning
Mirror neurons
Media violence and aggression
#4 The dance of the honeybee illustrates that
animals are capable of
A. communicating useful information
B. learning a sign language
C. following grammatical rules
D. all of the above
#5 People are likely to take less time to recognize
a woman as a nurse than a man as a nurse
because a woman more closely resembles their
________ of a nurse.

A. heuristic
B. prototype
C. algorithm
D. mental set
#6 A mental set is most likely to inhibit
A. confirmation bias
B. overconfidence
C. creativity
D. belief perseverance
#7 A single memorable case of welfare fraud has a
greater impact on estimates of the frequency of welfare
abuse than do statistics showing that this case is
actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates
A. confirmation bias
B. representativeness heuristic
C. belief perseverance phenomenon
D. framing effect
E. availability heuristic
#26 The representativeness
heuristic refers to our tendency to
A. judge the likelihood of category membership by
how closely an object or event resembles a
particular prototype
B. judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how
readily instances of its occurrence are
remembered
C. search for information that is consistent with our
preconceptions
D. cling to our initial conceptions, even though they
have been discredited
#14 The best evidence that there is
a critical period for language
acquisition is the fact that
A. infants babble phonemes that do not occur in
their parents’ native language
B. toddlers maintain a capacity to discriminate
phonemes that they have never heard
C. people most easily master the grammar of a
second language during childhood
D. preschoolers often overgeneralize certain rules
of grammatical structure
#20 Because she believes that boys are naughtier than
girls, Mrs. Smith, a second-grade teacher, watches boys
more closely than she watches girls for any signs of
misbehaviour. Mrs. Smith’s surveillance strategy best
illustrates
A. the availability heuristic
B. confirmation bias
C. functional fixedness
D. the representativeness heuristic
E. the framing effect
#22 Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse
was a fish because it did not closely resemble her
_________ of a fish.
A. mental set
B. heuristic
C. algorithm
D. prototype
#23 At some point during the
babbling stage, infants begin to
A. imitate adult grammar
B. make speech sounds only if their hearing is
impaired
C. speak in simple words that may be barely
recognizable
D. lose their ability to discriminate sounds that
they never hear
#28 Consumers respond more positively to ground
beef advertised as “75 percent lean” than to
ground beef described as “25 percent fat”. This
illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced
by
A. the representiveness heuristic
B. the belief perseverance phenomenon
C. confirmation bias
D. the availability heuristic
E. framing
#34 At the age of 15 months, Anita repeatedly cries
“hoy” when she wants her mother to hold her. Anita is
most likely in the _________ stage of language
development.

A. syntatic
B. babbling
C. telegraphic speech
D. echoic
E. one-word
#39 The use of heuristics rather
than algorithms is most likely to
A. save time in arriving at solutions to problems
B. yield more accurate solutions to problems
C. minimize the overconfidence phenomenon
D. involve greater reliance on language skills
#40 Children first begin to use sounds to
communicate meaning during the ________
stage.

A. one-word
B. two-word
C. echoic
D. telegraphic
E. babbling
#41 Many bilinguals experience a different
sense of self depending on which language
they are using. This most clearly illustrates
the implications of

A. Whorf’s linguistic determinism (relativity)

hypothesis
B. Skinner’s language acquisition theory
C. Bandura’s social-cognitive theory
D. Chomsky’s language acquisition theory
#45 The tendency to think of
objects only in terms of their
normal uses is called
A. functional fixedness
B. the availability heuristic
C. confirmation bias
D. belief perseverance
E. the representativeness heuristic
#47 The various vowel sounds that can be placed
between a “t” and an “n” produce words such as
tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds
represent different

A. morphemes
B. prototypes
C. phonemes
D. semantics
E. phenotypes
#50 With respect to the debate over the process
of language development, nature is to nurture as
_________ is to__________

A. Skinner, Whorf
B. Whorf, Skinner
C. Skinner, Chomsky
D. Chomsky, Skinner
What isn’t here but could be?

Overconfidence Effect (Belief Perseverance and Belief bias)

Misinformation effect
Stages of Language development
Nature vs nurture debate
Structure of language (morphemes, phonemes, grammar, etc.)