Department of Technical Education

Andhra Pradesh
Name : K. Sujatha
Designation : Sr. Lecturer in Civil Engineering
Branch : Civil Engineering
Institution : AANM & VVRSR Polytechnic,
Gudlavalleru
Semester : VI SEM
subject : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING II
Subject code : C 605
Topic : Sewerage systems and
Appurtenances
Duration : 50 minutes
Sub topic : Construction, function and location of
manholes
Teaching Aids : Diagrams
Revised by : G.Appa Rao
9C 605.15 1
 OBJECTIVES

On completion of this period, you would be able to

• Describe location, function and construction of Manholes

9C 605.15 2
 SEWER APPURTENANCES

• These are the devices constructed in sewage

system to ensure efficient operation and

maintenance

9C 605.15 3
 SEWER APPURTENANCES
Various sewer appurtenances are
1.Manholes
2.Inlets
3.Catch basins
4.Flushing tanks
5.Regulators
6.Inverted syphons etc.

9C 605.15 4
 MANHOLES
Def: These are masonry or R.C.C chambers constructed
on sewer lines for providing access into sewers
IS 4111 (Part 1) – 1967 covers the requirements,
safety measures to be adopted for manholes and
types of manholes
Functions:
• The access will be used for inspection, cleaning and
maintenance of sewers

9C 605.15 5
Manholes are located at the points where
a) a sewer take change of
• Alignment
• Gradient
• Diameter
b) At all junctions of two or more sewers
c) At heads of all sewers or branches
d) At regular intervals in the sewer lines @ 30 – 100 m

9C 605.15 6
Types of manholes

1. Ordinary manhole

2. Drop manhole

9C 605.15 7
 Ordinary Manhole
Manhole cover

• It consists of Four parts

Access
namely Working chamber
shaft

Cast iron
1. Access shaft steps

2. Cover and rungs Branch sewer

3. Channel and
Main sewer
4. Working chamber
Concrete
Channel foundation
9C 605.15 Fig.1 Manhole 8
 Ordinary Manhole contd..
• These are concrete or masonry structures so as to
have working chamber
• The chamber is either circular or rectangular in
shape
• An access shaft is provided for getting into the
chamber
• The top of the access shaft is covered with R.C.C
cover
• The floor has a slope of 1 in 6 towards the centers

9C 605.15 9
 Ordinary Manhole contd..
1. Access shaft should have a minimum diameter of 700
mm

2. Manhole is corbelled on three sides and Iron steps are

provided on the fourth side

3. Manholes may be constructed with bricks in cement

mortar 1:3 or R.C.C.

4. Walls should be constructed on a cement concrete

foundation slab of minimum thickness 250 mm of grade
not less than 1:2:4
9C 605.15 10
 Ordinary Manhole contd..
Channel
• Bottom half of the channel should be semi circular and
of a diameter equal to that of sewer and extended up
vertically to the full diameter

• Branch channel is also suitably constructed with

benching

• At the junction of the main channel, branch channel

should be given an appropriate fall and should be
connected with a smooth curve
9C 605.15 11
 Ordinary Manhole contd..

Cover and rungs

• Rungs are provided in all manholes

• Rungs may be staggered in two vertical runs

• Manhole cover should be such that there is a clear

opening of at least 500 mm diameter

9C 605.15 12
 Drop Manhole

Inspection
Arm

Working
chamber

Branch
Sewer

Vertical
pipe

Main Sewer
13
9C 605.15 Fig.2 Drop Manhole
 Drop Manhole
• This is constructed when a branch sewer at a higher
level is to be joined to main sewer at a lower level

• This is done by providing a vertical drop pipe out side

the manhole

• Sewage from the inlet sewer at higher level is

dropped through this pipe to the floor level

• The other construction details are similar to that of an

ordinary manhole
9C 605.15 14
 SUMMARY
Manholes

• These are masonry or R.C.C chambers constructed on sewer

lines to provide access for inspection, cleaning and
maintenance of sewers

• An ordinary manhole consists of four parts namely manhole

cover & rungs, channel, access shaft and working chamber

• A drop manhole is constructed when a branch sewer at a

higher level is to be joined to main sewer at a lower level
9C 605.15 15
 QUIZ

1. When two sewers meet at different levels

the appurtenance used is

1) Catch basin

2) Inverted syphon

3) Inlet

4) Drop manhole

9C 605.15 16
2. The sewer appurtenance facilitating
inspection, cleaning etc. is known as

1) Manhole

2) Inlet

3) Catch basin

4) Regulator

9C 605.15 17
 Frequently Asked Questions

1. Give the function and location of a manhole

2. Explain the components of a manhole with the help

of a sketch

3. Draw the neat sketch of a drop manhole

9C 605.15 18