WELCOME

TERM PAPER PRESENTATION

ON
CROP RESPONSE –PRODUCTION
FUNCTION
CROP RESPONSE:

 The response of crops in relation with

agriculture inputs(fertilizer , seed , water) and
environmental factors (light , temperature ,
humidity , solar radiation) is termed as a crop
response(Holiday).

Two types of response curves were suggested as:

1. Asymptotic response
2. Parabolic response
1. Asymptotic response:
 The increase in production due to increased plant
population compensates about equally for the
reduction in the production of the individual plant.

This type of response used in where entire dry

matter is the economic product (Fodder , Tobacco).

 Increase in the plant density results in increase in

the yields up to certain level after that yields can
reduced.
This type of response gives the asymptotic
curve. It is expressed as follows:
Y= Ap+1/1+Abp
Where;
Y=Yield of dry matter per unit area
A=Apparent maximum yield per unit
p=number of plants per unit area
b=Linear regression coefficient
Competition factor:

The term 1/1+Abp represents

the maximum in which the maximum plant yield
(A) is reduced by increasing competition
resulting for greater plant density.
Parabolic response:

 In this case also yield increases with increase

in plant population but unlike in asymptotic
curve yield decreases with further increase in
population.

Parabolic curve expressed as follows:

Y=a+bp+cp2
Where;
Y=Yield per unit area
P=Plant population
• This curve fitted to quadratic equation.(holiday)
• But the drawback is:
With increase in plant population , after
reaching maximum , yield does not fall
suddenly.
There is a plateau for some range of plant
population.
Production function:
It is technical and
mathematical relationship describing the manner
and the extent to which a particular product
depends up on the quantities of inputs or
services of inputs, used at a given level of
technology and in a given period of time.
Forms of production function:
1. Linear production function: When production
function is homogenous of the first degrees.
Y=ao+a1x1+
………………..+anxn
Where
Y=production
ao=constant
a1,a2………….an=co efficient factors
x1,x2………….xn=factors of production
2.Quadratic production function:
Y=a+b+c2
Where
a, b, c=constant ,
x=production factor
3.Square root production function:
Y=a+b√x +cx1 2

4.Cubic production function:

Y=ao+a1x+a2x2+a3x3
Quadratic production function:
• The yield response to
different levels of inputs are fitted in to a
mathematical equation.

• Based on the shape of the curve from the

equation , economic optimum doses of inputs
are calculated and recommended to the farmer.

• “The yield increased at increasing rate with

increase in inputs up to certain level and at a
decreasing rate with subsequent doses of
inputs.”
QUADRATIC PRODUCTION FUNCTION
Types of production function:

Three types of production

1.Increasing marginal returns

2.Constant marginal returns

3.Decreasing marginal returns

Increasing marginal rate of returns:
• Addition of one unit of input resulted in increasing the
output in increasing rate. It is explained by following
table.
Constant marginal rate of returns:
• Addition of one unit of input resulted in increasing the
output in constant rate. It is explained by following
table.
S.NO LABOUR TOTAL MARGINAL
(variable factor) PRODUCTION

1 1 10 10

2 2 20 10

3 3 30 10

4 4 40 10
Decreasing marginal rate of returns:
• Addition of one unit of input resulted in increasing the
output in decreasing rate. It is explained by following
table.
DECREASING MARGINAL RATE OF RETURNS
Quadratic production/Fertilizer response:
Field experiments are conducted with different level of
fertilizer.
The yield response to different level of fertilizer are
fitted in to a mathematical equation.
Based on the shapes of the curve from the equation ,
economic optimum doses of inputs are calculated and
recommended to the farmer.
Y=a+b+cx2
Where
a , b , c=constants ,
x=production factor
Curve fitting:
Generally the response to fertilizers is quadratic.

Yield increased at increasing rate with increase in

fertilizer up to a certain level and at a decreasing rate
with subsequent doses of fertilizers.

At a particular level , yield approaches a plateau and

further increase in fertilizer dose decreases the yield.
Submitted To:
Dr . Susheela.
Senior scientist.
AICRP on forage crops.

Thank you

Submitted By:
M.Eshwar,
RAM/15-64,
Dept. of Soil Science.