KLASIFIKASI

LABORATORIUM
Definisi
Laboratorium adalah suatu tempat
dimana orang melakukan penelitian,
percobaan dan analisis
Percobaan atau analisis seringkali
menimbulkan bahaya terutama: bahan
berbahaya, adanya kecelakaan,
peralatan yang kurang memenuhi
standar, pemahaman/kesadaran
personil.
MACAM LABORATORIUM
Berdasarkan lokasi:
- Lapangan
- Ruangan

Berdasarkan tujuan:
- Pendidikan/Penelitian
- Pelayanan

Berdasarkan disiplin ilmu:

- Kimia
- Fisika
- Biologi…dll
 Classification of Infective Agents by Risk Group
Risk Group 1 Risk Group 2 Risk Group 3 Risk Group 4
Severity of unlikely to can cause can cause serious likely to cause serious
Disease cause human or disease, unlikely disease, does not or lethal disease, can
animal disease to be serious, ordinarily spread be readily transmitted
effective from one person to from one individual to
treatment and another, effective another, effective
preventive treatment and treatment and
measures preventive measures preventive measures
available usually available, are not usually
exposure route: available, transmission:
inhalation (often) direct, indirect,
inhalation
Host Range human (healthy human (healthy human (healthy human (healthy adult)
adult) and adult) and animals adult) and animals and animals
animals

Individual low moderate high high

Risk (potential hazard)

Community low low low high

Risk
 Klasifikasi laboratorium
Berdasarkan risiko mikrobia yang ditangani:

1. Lab.tingkat keamanan biologis I:

menyelenggarakan kegiatan dengan kelompok
mikrobia risiko-I
2. Lab. tingkat keamanan biologis II:
menyelenggarakan kegiatan dengan kelompok
mikrobia risiko-II
3. Lab.tingkat keamanan biologis III:
menyelenggarakan kegiatan dengan kelompok
mikrobia risiko-III
4. Lab. tingkat keamanan biologis IV:
menyelenggarakan kegiatan dengan kelompok
mikrobia risiko-IV
 Lab. Tk. Keamanan Biologis I dan II (1)
1. Tata ruang dan fasilitas
a. Seluruh ruangan hrs mudah dibersihkan
b. Permukaan meja kedap air, tahan asam, alkali, panas, Tepi
meja melengkung.
c. Penerangan hrs cukup memadai
d. Tersedia wastafel (dekat pintu keluar/masuk)
e. Pintu sebaiknya otomatis
f. Alat pemadam kebakaran digantungkan pada tempat yg mudah
g. Tempat sampah dilengkapi kantong plastik
h. Tersedia ruang ganti pakaian, makan-minum, kamar kecil (bisa
terpisah tapi dekat ruang kerja)
i. Terdapat pintu darurat (bisa di gang/koridor)
j. Ventilasi hrs baik, jendela dpt dibuka, udara mengalir searah
k. Tersedia aliran listrik/generator dgn kapasitas yg memadai
l. Tersedia instalasi gas untuk pekerjaan laboratorium
m. Tersedia fasilitas air dgn kualitas air yang memadai
Lab. Tk. Keamanan Biologis I dan II (2)

2. Peralatan dan Keamanan Kerja

Peralatan keamanan: alat bantu pipet, otoklaf, botol
berpenutup ulir, lemari asam kabinet kemanan biologis I
dan II.

3. Cara Kerja khusus

• Petugas laboratorium harus dilatih
• Pekerjaan dilakukan dalam kabinet saat bekerja dengan
pemindahan mikrobia
• Pintu laboratorium harus tertutup
• Semua limbah harus dipisahkan sesuai sifatnya dan
didekontaminasi sesuai peraturan yang ada
 Kabinet Keamanan Biologis I
Karakteristik:
1. Terbuka di bagian
depan
2. Memberi keamanan
bagi petugas terhadap
hirupan aerosol yg
mungkin mengandung
mikrobia
3. Menggunakan filter
udara (High Efficiency
Particulate Air/HEPA)
 Kabinet Keamanan Biologis II

Karakteristik:
1. Menggunakan filter
udara (HEPA)
2. Mengalirkan sebagian
udara yang tersaring
3. Memberikan
perlindungan
kontaminasi bahan
yang sedang dikerjakan
 Lab. Tk. Keamanan Biologis III
Disamping pedoman di Lab Tk I dan II, terdapat tambahan sbb:

1. Tata ruang dan fasilitas

a. Ruang kerja berpintu ganda dan dilengkapi alat
penutup otomatis
b. Jendela terbuat dari kaca dan tertutup rapat
c. Wastafel dpt dibuka dengan siku atau pijakan kaki
d. Lab dilengkapi shower, ruang ganti pakaian di ruang
lain dekat pintu keluar-masuk.

2. Peralatan Keamanan
a. Kabinet kemanan biologis III dan pekerja dengan alat
pelindung yang memadai
b. Otoklaf harus tersedia

3. Cara Kerja Khusus

a. Pintu lab. harus selalu tertutup
b. Selain petugas tidak boleh masuk ruang percobaan
c. Semua bahan didekontaminasi di luar ruang kerja
dan ditempatkan dlm kantong tertutup
 Kabinet Keamanan Biologis III

Karakteristik:
1. Menggunakan filter
udara (HEPA)
2. Aliran udara dalam
kabinet tertutup total
3. Dapat disterilisasi/
difumigasi
 Lab. Tk. Keamanan Biologis IV
1. Tata ruang dan fasilitas
a. Ruang kerja berpintu ganda dan dipisahkan
dengan ruangan lain
b. Semua ruangan dilengkapi dengan lampu UV
dengan saklar di luar ruang.
c. Dinding, lantai, langit-langit hrs tertutup
rapat, tanpa celah, serta dapat didisinfeksi.
d. Instalasi air dan gas hrs dilengkapi alat yg
mencegah aliran balik
e. Harus tersedia generator untuk darurat

2. Peralatan Keamanan
a. Harus ada kabinet kemanan biologis III yg
dapat difumigasi dengan penggantian filter
berkala
b. Pekerja dilengkapi pelindung lengkap

3. Cara Kerja Khusus

a. Orang yg berijin yg boleh masuk
b. Petugas ganti pakaian/mandi sebelum dan
sesudah bekerja
c. UV ruangan hrs nyala saat tidak untuk
bekerja
SETTING UP A LAB
Setting up a Laboratory
Designation of Containment Level and Locations :
• Approval  Biosafety Certificate Officer (BSO).
• Equipment
• Training
• Contingency planning
SETTING UP A LAB

1. Designation of Location
• Assign the classification of rooms based on level
of hazard
• Approval of laboratory design and classification of
containment level (CL) :
– CL1 and CL2 level areas authorized by Biological Safety
Officer (BSO)
– CL3 and CL4 areas require certification from PHAC for
human pathogens and CFIA for animal pathogens
SETTING UP A LAB

2. Biosafety Certificate

• Before work begins with biological agents,

an application for a Biosafety Certificate is
submitted to the Biological Safety Officer
• Reviewed and approved by BSO on behalf
of the Biological Safety Committee
SETTING UP A LAB

3. Equipment

Biological Safety Cabinet

(BSC) may be required in
Containment Level 2
facilities:
dependant on organism being
used, amounts, procedures
and potential for aerosol
generation

Certificate Holder to ensure

BSC is certified prior to lab
staff work with agents.
 SETTING UP A LAB

4. Training

Certificate Holder responsible to :

Ensure that all lab personnel working with biological

agents be trained on policies and procedures and
successfully complete an examination prior to
commencing any work with biohazards.

Supervise and document all hands-on lab training

involving experimental procedures, techniques, etc.
 SETTING UP A LAB

5. Contingency Planning

Utility failure may affect sample storage or an experiment:

• Certificate Holder is required to provide planning with

information and guidance for contingency planning for
agents stored

• Preplanning should include backup systems or

prearranged movement of samples into other unaffected
secure areas
LABORATORY SAFETY
Lab safety must be taught to :
– all employees, including service groups
– undergraduate students
– graduate students
– professors
– visitors
LAB SAFETY CONT..

LABORATORY PROCEDURES
MUST BE SITE SPECIFIC !
based on your lab needs,
conditions, and equipment
Laboratory Policies and Procedures

Must be:
written and available
AREAS TO COVER
• General procedures or rules
• Glassware
• Material handling and care
• Equipment
• Safety equipment
• Electrical safety
• Disposal procedures
• Emergency response plans
• Inspections
General Procedures or Rules:
General Procedures or Rules:

– no food or drink allowed in the laboratory

– no mouth pipetting
– individuals not allowed to work in the
laboratory alone
– wear required personal protective
equipment (PPE)
– no smoking in laboratory
– maintain good housekeeping habits
GLASSWARE PROCEDURES
• Storage
• Proper use
• Cleaning
• Cleaning up broken glassware
• Disposal of broken glassware
 Glassware Handling
Is this what your lab looks like?

• Or does it
look like
this?
Laboratory Materials
• Can include
– chemicals
– plants
– animals
– pathogens
– organisms
Procedures for handling chemicals
– proper labeling, including wastes
– proper storage
• storage cabinets
• store compatible chemicals together
• rooms properly vented & correct temperature
Procedures for handling chemicals cont.

• Maintain a current inventory

• Purchasing procedures
• Proper handling
– use label or MSDS (material safety data sheet)
– never test by taste or odor
– acids poured into water never vice versa
– take precautions and use proper equipment when
stirring or heating flammable liquids
– follow “industry standards” for labeling all chemicals
Handling animals and plants
• Procedures for caring for animals and plants
including feeding and watering
• Procedures for cleaning cages
• Procedures for cleaning and/or decontaminating
rooms or locations
• Procedures for entering & leaving contaminated
areas
• Procedures for handling the animals or plants
• Procedures for animal bites or scratches
• Procedures for disposal to prevent spread of disease
Handling of diseases or organisms

• Allow only authorized individuals in infectious disease

laboratories
• Do not allow individuals to work alone
• Procedures for proper use of equipment and
maintenance
• Use proper containers for transportation, incubation, and
storage
• Labeling of laboratories and cultures
• Proper disinfecting procedures
• Hygiene procedures
• Procedures for exposure or release of material
Handling and Using Lab Equipment

– Proper installation
– Training on
proper use
– Manuals or written
procedures
available
– Inspections
– Maintenance
– DOCUMENT
 EQUIPMENT INCLUDES:
• Meters • Drying oven
• Refrigerators • Compressed gas
• Autoclaves cylinders
• Scales • Bunsen burners
• Hoods
 SAFETY EQUIPMENT

– proper equipment must be available

– requires training for the location so individuals
know how and when to use equipment
appropriately
– training on the correct
maintenance &
storage is also
necessary
SAFETY EQUIPMENT

– FIRST AID AND

MEDICAL TRT
– EMERGENCY
EQUIPMENT
– SHOWERS,
EYEWASH
STATIONS
– MSDS’S
– PPE
First Aid and Medical Treatment

• First aid kit available and properly stocked

(nothing expired)
• Trained first aid attendant or
• Medical facilities within 15 minutes
• Emergency numbers posted
Emergency Equipment
• Fire blankets
• Fire extinguishers
• Emergency notification system
• Unrestricted means of communication
• Any other emergency equipment needed
for your specific laboratory needs
 Emergency Showers &
Eyewash Stations

• Immediate washing of the skin and eye

with generous amounts of water is the
most effective first aid treatment for
chemical burns (unless chemical reacts
unfavorably to water-MSDS)
Emergency Showers and Eyewash
Stations
• must be available
• showers must be tested for proper
operation with results documented
Alternatives to Installed Showers
and Eyewashes

• Portable showers or eyewashes

• Attachments that connect to existing
faucets
– must supply at least 15 minutes of continuous
water
– must stay on until turned off
Material Safety Data Sheets, (MSDS)

– required for each

chemical
– requires employee
and student review
MSDS FILE – must be accessable
for employees/student
MSDS Information Includes:
• Nomenclature including chemical family
and formula
• Hazardous ingredients
• Physical data
• Fire and explosion hazard
• Health hazard
• Spill and leak procedures
• Special protection information
• Storage and handling precautions
Personal Protective Equipment

• AGENCY MUST:
– Provide PPE for all employees
• at no cost to the employee
– train employees how to use PPE properly
– train employees on the limitation(s) of PPE
– train employees in proper care, storage,
and useful life, and disposal of PPE
 Appropriate PPE:
– lab coats
– gloves-
latex,nitrile,neoprene
– goggles, face shields,
safety glasses
– respirators-full, partial,
dust mask
– noise protection
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
– Protection of
employees and
equipment
– inspect panels and
plugs
– surge protectors
– inspection & reporting
programs
DISPOSAL PROCEDURES
– chemical wastes
– organisms, diseases, animals
– glassware
– spills
– sharps
 DISPOSAL PROCEDURES CONT.

• Trained persons designated to handle

disposal
• Meet all required rules and regulations
• Proper collection containers
• Waste collection contracts
• Does not expose humans, animals, plants,
etc upon disposal - may include
decontamination, sterilization, incineration,
autoclaving
EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

• Agencies should develop an

emergency response plan BEFORE an
emergency
• Review with employees (students)
make sure they understand the plan
completely
Emergency Response Plan should
include:
– recognizing emergencies
– lines of authority
– methods of communication
– safe sites and evacuation routes
– site security and control
Emergency Response Plan should
include cont.:
– decontamination procedures
– provisions for medical treatment
– emergency alerting and response
procedures
– PPE and emergency equipment for
clean-up
– follow up
INSPECTION OF LABORATORIES
• Develop inspection report appropriate
for laboratory
• cover all areas related to laboratory
– personnel practices
– operational practices
– equipment
– emergency protection equipment
– materials inventory
– miscellaneous
THANK YOU FOR ATTENDING
 SYARAT UMUM
LABORATORIUM (1)
1. Memiliki fasilitas cuci tangan.
2. Memiliki fasilitas pelindung terhadap
bahaya yang mungkin muncul.
3. Memiliki fasilitas telepon yang tersambung
dengan mudah kepada otoritas yang
berwenang.
4. Memiliki cukup ruang dan pelindung untuk
menyimpan bahan-bahan serta limbah yang
bersifat beracun dan berbahaya.
 SYARAT UMUM
LABORATORIUM (2)
5. Pengguna diharuskan mengamankan diri sendiri
selama berada di dalam dan ketika meninggalkan
laboratorium.
6. Pengguna harus melaksanakan pemeriksaan diri dan
melaporkan kejanggalan yang terjadi.
7. Pengguna bahan-bahan radioaktif harus mengikuti
pengecekan setiap tahun 1 kali.
8. Alat-alat penguji dan pengukur yang berkaiatan
dengan keselamatan pengguna laboratorium harus
ditera setiap tahun 1 kali.
 SYARAT LABORATORIUM
TINGKAT RENDAH (1)
• Memenuhi syarat laboratorium umum dengan
tambahan adanya akses terkendali.
• Tidak ada pembatasan untuk memasuki
laboratorium, akan tetapi pengguna harus telah
memperoleh pemahaman tentang keselamatan
kerja dan tindakan darurat.
• Tidak dibutuhkan monitoring pengguna.
• Kadang-kadang diperlukan monitoring ruangan.
• Pengudaraan normal.
• Terdapat tempat kerja khusus yang diberi tanda
tersendiri.
 SYARAT LABORATORIUM
TINGKAT RENDAH (2)
• Bahan-bahan berbahaya dan beracun ditempatkan
tersendiri/terpisah dari bahan-bahan lain (termasuk
untuk penyimpanan seperti lemari penyimpan,
lemari pendingin, freezer, atau pengumpul limbah).
• Bila menggunakan bahan berbahaya dan beracun,
wilayah yang digunakan harus diberi pembatas
dengan diberi tanda peringatan yang dipahami
umum, misalnya “Caution – Radioactive Materials”,
“Caution – Radiation”, atau tanda-tanda sejenis.
• Bila menggunakan bahan radioaktif, pemaparan
harus diupayakan kurang dari 2 mR/jam dari jarak
30 cm dari sumber radioaktif dan kurang dari 0,4
mR/jam di seluruh tempat di dalam laboratorium.
 SYARAT LABORATORIUM
TINGKAT RENDAH (2)
• Terdapat staf penanggungjawab ruangan.
• Pekerjaan tanpa pengawasan tidak boleh
dilakukan. Semua tempat penyimpanan bahan
dan limbah berbahaya harus dalam keadaan
terkunci pada saat penganggungjawab tidak
berada dalam ruangan.
 SYARAT PENANGGUNGJAWAB
LABORATORIUM TINGKAT RENDAH
1. Telah memiliki ijin sebagai pengguna.
2. Telah dilatih tentang dasar-dasar keselamatan kerja.
3. Telah mengikuti beberapa jam latihan keselamatan
kerja menengah.
4. Telah mengikuti pelatihan penyegaran setiap tahun
minimal 2 jam.
5. Bertugas menilai dan menyetujui hasil monitoring
ruangan.
6. Melaksanakan prosedur keselamatan kerja.
7. Melaksanakan pelatihan dan mendokumentasikan
pelatihan bagi pengguna yang telah memperoleh ijin
penggunaan
 SYARAT LABORATORIUM
TINGKAT MENENGAH (1)

• Dirancang untuk akses terbatas.

• Hanya pengguna dengan latihan keselamatan
kerja menengah diijinkan menggunakan
fasilitas.
• Diwajibkan melakukan monitoring pengguna.
 SYARAT LABORATORIUM
TINGKAT MENENGAH (2)
• Aktifitas menggunakan udara mengalir dibatasi
seminimal mungkin melalui penggunaan kontainer
gas. Kontainer gas memiliki penghisap udara
dengan kecepatan alir minimum 30m per menit.
Pengujian kecepatan alir udara hisap dilakukan
setiap tahun dan hasil pengujian ditempelkan di
luar kontainer. Gas, air, dan sambungan listrik
dikendalikan dari luar kontainer gas.
• Udara harus dibuat mengalir dari luar ruangan ke
dalam ruangan dengan pembuangan melalui
kontainer gas.
 SYARAT LABORATORIUM
TINGKAT MENENGAH (3)
• Ruang laboratorium didesain dengan meja
kerja dari metal tahan karat dan lantai halus
untuk memudahkan penghilangan tumpahan
bahan berbahaya dan beracun.
• Bila laboratorium tertutup ini digunakan untuk
pekerjaan menggunakan radioisotop,
pemaparan harus diupayakan di bawah 100
mR/jam pada jarak 30 cm dari sumber radiasi
dan di bawah 20 mR/jam di seluruh bagian
yang lain dalam ruangan. Ruang penghitung
paparan berada di dalam laboratorium.
 SYARAT LABORATORIUM
TINGKAT TINGGI (1)
• Dirancang untuk suatu kegunaan khusus.
• Hanya pengguna dengan latihan keselamatan
kerja menengah diijinkan menggunakan
fasilitas.
• Daftar pengguna yang diijinkan ditempelkan di
pintu laboratorium dan diperbarui setiap 3
bulan.
• Ijin penggunaan diberikan untuk setiap
penggunaan.
• Diwajibkan melakukan monitoring pengguna.
 SYARAT LABORATORIUM
TINGKAT TINGGI (2)

• Aktifitas menggunakan udara mengalir dibatasi

seminimal mungkin melalui penggunaan
kontainer gas. Kontainer gas memiliki
penghisap udara dengan kecepatan alir
minimum 100m per menit. Pengujian
kecepatan alir udara hisap dilakukan setiap
tahun dan hasil pengujian ditempelkan di luar
kontainer. Saluran pengeluaran gas diberi
penyaring. Gas, air, dan sambungan listrik
dikendalikan dari luar kontainer gas.
 SYARAT LABORATORIUM
TINGKAT TINGGI (3)

• Diwajibkan untuk memiliki tata cara

penanganan keadaan darurat dan pengguna
wajib mengikuti pelatihan penanganan
keadaan darurat setiap tahun.
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Containment Levels
Containment levels are to provide the user with
a description of the minimum containment required for
handling the organism safely in the laboratory.

PHAC (Public Health Association in Canada) outlines

four containment levels.
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Containment Levels
Containment Level 1 (CL1)

• Organisms requiring Containment Level 1

requires no special design features beyond a
basic level, well-designed functional laboratory.

• Work may be done on an open bench top and

containment is usually achieved through the
use of good work practices in a basic
microbiology laboratory.
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Containment Levels
Containment Level 2 (CL2)
The primary exposure hazards associated with
organisms required CL2 are through the ingestion,
inoculation, and mucous membrane route. Agents
requiring CL2 facilities are not generally transmitted
by airborne routes but care must be taken to avoid
the generation of aerosols. Primary containment
devices used in these types of laboratories includes
such as biological safety cabinets or centrifuges in
addition to proper personal protective equipment
such as laboratory coats, gloves, eye protection are
require. Minimization of contamination includes
proper hand washing facilities and decontamination
facilities such as autoclaves.
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Containment Levels
Containment Level 3 (CL3)

• Organisms requiring CL3 labs can cause serious or life-

threatening disease and often have a low infectious dose.

• primary and secondary barriers are required to minimize

the release of infectious organism into the immediate
laboratory area and the environment.

• depending on the organism being used, both Public

Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Food
Inspection Agency are required to certify the laboratory
prior to start of work.
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Containment Levels
Containment Level 4 (CL4)

• Organisms are highly pathogenic, low infectious

dose and have the potential for aerosol transmission
and produce very serious and often fatal disease.

• offers maximum containment and a complete

sealing of the perimeter of the laboratory facilites.