Department of Technical Education

Andhra Pradesh
Name : V.N.Siva Raman
Designation : HCES
Branch : Civil Engineering
Institute : S.V. Govt. Polytechnic, Tirupati
Year/Semester : III Semester
Subject : Hydraulics
Subject Code : C304
Topic : Flow Of Liquids
Duration : 50 Minutes
Sub Topic : Bernoulli’s theorem- limitations
Teaching Aids : Diagrams, Photographs
Revised By : V. Srinivasa Rao, Lecturer, DAGPT, Ongole
9C304.17 1
Objectives
On completion of this session, you would be able
to understand

• The Bernoulli’s Theorem

• Limitations of Bernoulli’s Theorem

• Solving of problems on Bernoulli's theorem

9C304.17 2
Recap
In the previous session we have learnt about

• Types of energies

• Total energy

• Total energy of flowing liquids

9C304.17 3
Bernoulli’s Theorem
The Bernoulli’s theorem states that for steady flow of
frictionless incompressible liquid the total energy of particle
remains constant at every point in its path of flow
p v2
  z  const
w 2g
If the Bernoulli’s equation is applied between two section (1) &
(2) then

p1 v12 p2 v22
  z1    z2
w 2g w 2g

Therefore
pressure energy + kinetic energy
z2
+potential energy =const direction
datum line
z1 of flow

9C304.17 4
Fig .1
Limitations of Bernoulli’s theorem
The following assumption have been made in the
derivation of Bernoulli’s equation.

1. The fluid is ideal and incompressible

2. The flow is steady and continuous

3. The flow is along a stream line (i.e) it is one

dimensional

4. The velocity is uniform over the section and is equal to

mean velocity

5. No external force except the gravitational force is

acting on the liquid
9C304.17 5
Problems
1. A vertical tapering pipe has top dia . 0.7 m and bottom
dia 0.9 m . The water is flowing down in full . The pipe is
6m long . The frictional loss between top and bottom
points may be taken as 0.15 x velocity head at inlet . The
velocity at the inlet is 6m /sec . Determine the pressure
at top in N /mm2.When the pressure head at the bottom
is 8.8 m of water. d1 = 0.7m

6m
Datum line

d2 =

9C304.17
0.9m Fig .2 6
Solution
Given data ,
p2
Pressure head at the bottom end  8.8 m

Velocity at the top end v1 = 6 m/sec
Area of flow at the top end a1 = π x d12 /4
=( π x 0.7 2 ) /4 = 0.385 m2
Area of flow at the bottom end a2 = π x d22 /4
=( π x 0.9 2 ) /4 = 0.636 m2
Velocity at the bottom end v2 = a1 v1/ a2
= 0.385 x 6 / 0.636 = 3.63 m /sec
By applying Bernoulli’s equation between top and bottom
ends p v2 p v2
1
 1
 z1  2
 2
 z2  hL
 2g  2g
9C304.17 7
Given that hL = 0.15 x velocity head at inlet
= 0.15 x v12 / 2g
= 0.15 x (62/(2 x9.81 ))
= 0.275 m
Assume datum to be passing through the bottom end of
the pipe, then z2 = 0 and z1 =6
Thus by substitution
p1 62 3.632
  6  8.8   0  0.275
9810 2  9.81 2  9.81
P1 = 18754.2 N/ m2 = 0.019 N/mm2
Therefore pressure at top end of pipe is 0.019 N /mm2

9C304.17 8
2. The diameter of pipe changes gradually from 150 mm
at a point A to 100mm at point B which are situated at
20m and 16m respectively above the datum . The
pressure at A is 0.2 N/mm2 and velocity of flow at A is
1.1 m/sec. Neglecting losses between A and B ,
determine the pressure at B.

20 m 16 m

Fig .3
9C304.17 9
Givendata,
pressure at A p1  0.2 N / m 2
Velocity of flow at A v1 1.1 m / sec
 
C. S area of flow at A is a1   d1   0.15  0.018 m
2 2 2

4 4
   0.12
C. S area of flow at B is a2   d 2 
2
 0.008 m 2

4 4

9C304.17 10
According to continuity equation a1 v1  a2 v2
a1 v1 0.018  1.1
 Velocity of flow at B is v2    2.48 m / sec
a2 0.008
By applying Bernoulli ' s equation between A and B
p1 v12 p2 v22
  z1    z2
 2g  2g

9C304.17 11
h  0 if loss of energy between A & B is neglected .
L
0.2 10 6 1.12 p 2.482
  20  2   16
9810 2  9.81  2  9.81
 pressure at B , p  0.24 106 N / m2
2
 0.24 N / mm2

9C304.17 12
3. Water is flowing through a horizontal tapering pipe AB
with a discharge of 0.5 cumecs. The diameter at A and B
are 30 cm and 60 cm .If the pressure at A is 7m of water,
find the pressure at B neglecting the losses.

d1 d2
A B

z1 z2 Datum line

Fig .4
9C304.17 13
Given data,
Dia of pipe at A is d  30 cm  0.3 m
1
d 2   0.32
Area of pipe at A is a  1   0.071 m 2
1 4 4
Dia of pipe at B is d  60 cm  0.6 m
2
d 2   0.6 2
Area of pipe at B is A  2   0.283 m 2
2 4 4
p
pressure head at A is 1  7 m

disch arg e through the pipe Q  0.5 cumecs  0.5 m3 / sec
9C304.17 14
 Q 0.5
velocity of flow at A is v    7.04 m / sec
1 a 0.071
1
Q 0.5
Velocity of flow at B is v    1.77 m / sec
2 a 0.283
2
By applying Bernoulli ' s equation between A and B,
p v2 p v2
1  1 z  2  2 z h
 2g 1  2g 2 L
But for horizontal pipe z  z and
1 2

9C304.17 15
h  0 if energy loss is neglected
L
p v2 p v2
1 1  2  2
 2g  2g
7.042 p 1.77 2
7  2 
2  9.81  2g
p
 2  9.37 m

 pressure head at B is 9.37 m of water .

9C304.17 16
 4. A pipe 300 m long has a slope 1 in 100 and tapers
from 1.25 m diameter at the higher end to 625 mm dia.
At the lower end. Determine the pressure at the lower
end , if the pressure at the higher end is 0.1 N/mm2. and
the discharge through the pipe is 100 lt /sec of water.
1.25 m
1.25 m
300 m

3m

0.625 m
Fig.5

9C304.17 17
Given data ,
Discharge Q  100 lt / sec
100
  0.1 m / sec
3

1000
  0.6252
Area of flow at lower end a1   0.307 m 2
4
Q 0.1
 velocity at lower end v1    0.33 m / sec
a1 0.307

9C304.17 18
 π 1.252
Area of flow at higher end a 2   1.23 m 2
4
Q 0.1
Velocity at higher end v 2    0.08 m/sec
a 2 1.23
Applying Bernoulli' s equation between th e higher end and lower end of the pipe,
p1 v12 p2 v22
  z1    z2
 2g  2g
Assume datum to be passing through t he lower end ,
300
 z1  0 and z 2   3m
100

9C304.17 19
Thus by substuting ,
p1 0.332 0.1106 0.082
 0   3
9810 2  9.81 9810 2  9.81
 Pressure at the lower end of pipe p1  0.13 106 N / m 2
 0.13 N / mm2

9C304.17 20
5. A pipe 200m long slopes down at 1 in 10 and tapers
from 0.8 m dia at the high end and 0.4 m dia at the lower
end and carries 100 lps of oil of specific gravity 0.85 if
the pressure gauge at the lower end reads 50 Kpa
.Determine the velocity at the two ends and the pressure
at the high end neglect all losses. 200 m
0.8 m
Slope 1 in 100

0.4 m
200 m

Datum line

Fig .6
9C304.17 21
Discharge Q  100 lps  0.1 m 3 / sec
Pressure at the lower end p1 50 kpa  50  103 N / m 2
1
Height of higher end above datum z 2   200  2m
100

Area of flow sec tion of higher end   0.82  0.5026m 2
4
0.1
V2  velocity at higher end   0.7961m / sec
0.5026

Area of flow sec tionat lower end   0.4 2  0.1256m 2
4
0.1
V1  velocity at lower end   0.7961m / sec
0.1256
sp.gravity of liquid  0.85
sp.gravity of liquid  9810  0.85
 8338.5 N / m 2

9C304.17 22
Applying Bernoulli , s equation between the higher and the lower ends of the pipe
2 2
p1 V1 p V
  z1  2  2  z 2
w 2g w 2g
50 103 0.79612 p2 0.1989 2
 0  2
8338.5 2  9.81 w 2  9.81
p
6  0.0323  0  2  0.002  2
w
p
6.0323  2  2.002
w
p2
 4.0303
w
p2  4.0303  8338.5  33606.65 N / m 2
p2  33.6kpa

9C304.17 23
Summary

In this section, you have learnt about

• The Bernoulli’s Theorem

• Limitations of Bernoulli’s Theorem

• Solving simple problems on Bernoulli’s theorem

9C304.17 24
Quiz

p1 v12 p 2 v 22
(1)   z1    z 2 this equation was given by
ω 2g ω 2g

(a) Bernoulli’s

(b) Chezy’s

(c) Kutters

(d) Mannings

9C304.17 25
Quiz

2.The differentiation of bermoulli’s equation gives

a) Euler’s Equation

b) Toricelli’s Equation

c) Boilers Equation

d) Continuity Equation

9C304.17 26
Frequently Asked Questions

1. A vertical pipe of 1 m long tapers from a cross

sectional area of 78.5 cm2 at top to a cross sectional
area of 176.7 cm2 at bottom .Find the pressure at top if
pressure at bottom is 0.1 N/mm2 the velocity of water
at bottom is 1 m /sec.

9C304.17 27
Frequently Asked Questions
2. A pipe 5 m long is inclined at an angle of 300 with the
horizontal . The smaller section of pipe which is at
lower level is 8 cm in dia and the larger section of the
pipe is 24 cm dia .Determine the difference of pressure
between two section if the pipe is uniform by tapering
and the velocity at the smaller end is 1 m/sec.

9C304.17 28
Frequently Asked Questions
3. Water is flowing through a pipe whose diameter changes
gradually from 15 cm at the first end to 30 cm at the other
end . If the mean velocity at first end is 20 m /sec

Find (a) Rate of flow through the pipe

(b) Average velocity at the other end

of the pipe .

9C304.17 29