Digestive System

• Human Digestive
System has two
key functions:
– Breaking down of
large food into
smaller, usable
molecules
– Absorbing these
smaller molecules
 Digestive System

• The digestive system

includes the
– Mouth
– Pharynx
– Esophagus
– Stomach
– small intestine
– Liver
– Gallbladder
– Pancreas
– large intestine
– Rectum
Mouth

• Mechanical Digestion
– Tongue and teeth work
together to break down
food mechanically
– Type of teeth reflect
dietary habits

• Chemical Digestion
– Amylase - enzyme in
saliva that breaks the
carbohydrates
• chemical bonds between
the sugar monomers in
starches
Esophagus, Pharynx, Epiglottis

• Esophagus
– No digestion
– Food is directed from mouth, to pharynx, to
esophagus.
• Epiglottis – flap of cartilage
– Ensures food travels to esophagus and not wind pipe
(larynx)
 Stomach

• Stomach - large muscular sac that continues the

mechanical and chemical digestion of food

– Acidic pH – 2-3 on the pH scale

– Cardiac sphincter – circular muscle that keeps materials down in
the stomach. Stops acid and food from reentering the esophagus

– Mechanical Digestion -
• Peristalsis

– Chemical Digestion – protein digestion begins here

• HCL and Pepsin - The combination of pepsin (enzyme) and
hydrochloric acid begins the complex process of protein digestion.
Pepsin breaks proteins into smaller polypeptide fragments.
– HCL changes inactive enzyme, pepsinogen  active pepsin
• Rennin – enzyme that aids in the digestion of the protein in milk
• Chyme - mixture of stomach fluids and food produced in the stomach
by contracting stomach muscles
Ulcers – tissue erosion

• Can occur in
stomach,
esophagus, or
the duodenum
(upper
intestine.)
– Bacteria
Heliobacter
pylori  can
lead to ulcers,
but can be
treated with
antibiotics
Small Intestine

• Digestion is completed and nutrients are absorbed

here.
– pH – 8 and length of 6m
– Digestion completed in Duodenum first 10 inches.
– Digestion
• Intestinal Enzymes
– Pancreatic amylases – starch
– Peptidases (trypsin, chymotrypsin) – proteins  amino acids
– Nucleases – nucleic acids  nucleotides
– Lipases – break down fat

– Absorption – villi (villus-singular) – millions of fingerlike

projections (latter portion of small intestine)
• Increase surface area
• Capillaries – absorb amino acids, vitamins, monosaccharides
• Lacteal – absorbs fatty acid and glycerol  lymphatic system
• Each villus contain microvilli
Villi and the Small Intestive
 Liver

• Liver - large organ just above the

stomach that produces bile, a
fluid loaded with lipids and salts
– Accessory gland
– Produces bile that emulsifies fat
– Bile mixed with Sodium Bicarbonate
pH 11 (pancreas), neutralizes
“chyme” coming from the stomach
– Sends bile to gallbladder for storage
– Other functions
• Breaks down/recycles red blood cells
• Detoxifies blood – removes alcohol &
drugs
• Produces cholesterol for cell
membranes
• Produces Urea (nitrogenous waste)
from protein metabolism
Gallbladder and Pancreas

• Accessory
glands
• Gallbladder
– Stores bile
– Cholesterol
Deposits
(gallstones)
• We can
function
without it
• Pancreas
– Secretes
peptidases –
protein digestive
enzymes
To Small Intestine

• Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder

• Accessory structures, including the liver and
pancreas, add secretions to the digestive
system. The pancreas secretes enzymes that help
break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
• Pancreas - gland that produces hormones that
regulate blood sugar; enzymes that break down
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids;
and sodium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes
stomach acid
• Liver - large organ just above the stomach that
produces bile, a fluid loaded with lipids and salts
• Gallbladder – Stores Bile
Small Intestine

• Villi - folded projection that increases the

surface area of the walls of the small
intestine
Large Intestine or Colon

• large intestine
– No digestion
– 3 major functions
• Egestion – removal of
undigested waste
– Rectum – last 7-
8inches stores feces
for release
• Vitamin Production
– B, K, folic acid
• Reabsorption
– Constipation
– Diarrhea
Hormones that Regulate the Digestive
System
Hormone Site of Effect
Production
Gastrin Stomach wall Stimulate
secretion of
gastric Juice
Secretin Duodenum Stim. Pancreas
Wall to release
bicarbonate

Cholecystokinin Duodenum Stim. Pancreas

Wall to release
enzymes and
gallbladder to
release bile
The Appendix

• Some animals have appendixes in

which cellulose is digested by
bacteria. In humans, the appendix
appears to do little to promote
digestion.
The Circulatory System
Circulatory System

• The human
circulatory
system
consists of the
heart, a series
of blood
vessels, and
the blood that
flows through
them.
The Heart – about the size of your cliched
fist
• Pericardium – protective sac the heart is enclosed in
• Myocardium - thick middle muscle layer of the
heart; pumps blood through the circulatory system
• Atrium - upper chamber of the heart that receives
and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle
• Ventricle - thick-walled, muscular, lower chamber of
the heart that pumps blood out of the heart
• Pulmonary Circulation - pathway in which the right
side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
• Systemic Circulation - pathway in which the left
side of the heart pumps blood to all of the body
except the lungs
• Valves - flap of connective tissue between an atrium
and a ventricle, or in a vein, that prevents backflow
of blood
Circulation of Blood Through the Heart
1. Vena Cava
2. Right Atrium
3. Right
atrioventricula
r (AV)
tricuspid valve
4. Right Ventricle
5. Pulmonary
Semilunar
Valve
6. Pulmonary
Artery
7. Lungs
8. Pulmonary
veins
9. Left Atrium
10.Left
Atrioventricula
r (AV) bicuspid
valve
11.Left Ventricle
12.Aortic
Semilunar
Valve
13.Aorta
14.To all the cells
of the body
Circulation

•4
chambered
Heart
• 3 loop
system
circulatory
system
Heartbeat

• Pacemaker -
small group of
cardiac muscle
cells in the right
atrium that “set
the pace” for
the heart as a
whole; also
known as the
sinoatrial node
 Circulation System

• Aorta - large blood vessel in mammals

through which blood travels from the left
ventricle to all parts of the body except the
lungs
• Artery - large blood vessel that carries
blood from the heart to the tissues of the
body.
– High Pressure, can contract and expand
• Capillary - smallest blood vessel; brings
nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and
absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products
– Thin so nutrients can be passed to cells
or waste material absorbed
• Vein - a blood vessel that returns blood to
the heart.
– Low pressure, no muscles in walls
Circulatory System

• One-way Valves
• Exercise
Blood Pressure

• Systolic – first number, measures

the pressure on the arteries when
the ventricles are contracted
• Diastolic – second number,
measures the pressure on the
arteries when the ventricles are
relaxed
• Normal blood pressure 120/80
Questions

1. List the structures of the circulatory

system.
2. Compare the functions of the three types
of blood vessels in the circulatory system.
3. Describe the path of blood circulation
through the body.
4. How is heartbeat controlled?
5. Explain how regular exercise can promote
good circulation.
Blood
 Blood Composition
Component Scientific Name Properties
•Carry hemoglobin and
Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes oxygen.
•No nucleus
•Avg. Life 120days
•Formed in bone marrow
•Recycled by Liver
•Fight infection
White Blood Leukocytes
•Formed in Bone
Cells marrow
•Die fighting infection
(pus)

Plasma None •Liquid portion of

blood. (90%) water
•Contains:
•Clotting factors
•Hormones
•Antibodies
•Dissolved gasses
Blood Composition
Red Blood Cells

• Red blood
cells transport
oxygen.
• Mature RBC
have no
nuclei.
• Last for about
120Days
White Blood Cells

• Produce in Red Bone Marrow

• No Hemoglobin; Contains Nucleus
White Blood Cells
Clotting

• Thromboplastin,
prothrobin, thrombin,
fibrinogen, and fibrin
are all clotting proteins
found in blood plasma
• Mechanism
– Thromboplastin & Ca+ ions
are released by damages
cells & stimulates the 
– Conversion of prothrombin
 thrombin & stimulates 
– Conversion of Fibrinogen 
Fibrin (clot)
Respiratory System
Respiratory System

• The respiratory system consists of the: nose

– Pharynx - muscular tube at the end of the
gastrovascular cavity, or throat, that connects
the mouth with the rest of the digestive tract
and serves as a passageway for air and food
– Larynx - structure in the throat containing the
vocal cords
– Trachea - windpipe; tube through which air
moves
– Bronchi - passageway leading from the trachea
to a lung
– Lungs: bronchiole and alveoli
– Alveolus - tiny air sac at the end of a bronchiole
in the lungs that provides surface area for gas
exchange to occur
Gas Exchange (Alveoli)