MATRICES

Definition : A matrix is a rectangular array of

numbers of functions enclosed in brackets.
These numbers of functions are called
entries or elements of the matrix.
—ENERAL NOTATION OF A MATRIX

A = [ ajk] =

A matrix is always denoted by capital letter

TYPES OF MATRICES
¢ SQUARE MATRIX:- If the number of rows of a
matrix is equal to number of columns then such a
matrix is known as a square matrix. For example

A=

¢ RECTAN—ULAR MATRIX:- If the matrix is not a

square matrix then it is called a rectangular matrix.

For example A =

§


¢ DIA—ONAL MATRIX:- A square matrix in which all
the elements on the main diagonal are non-zero.
Any entries above or below the main diagonal must
be zero.
e.g. A=

¢ IDENTITY MATRIX:- In the diagonal matrix all the

elements are equal to unity. It is denoted by I.
e.g. I =

§


¢ SIN—ULAR MATRIX:- If the value of the
determinant of the matrix is zero then it is
called singular matrix.
i.e. |A| = 0.

¢ TRANSPOSITION OF MATRIX: In m x n
matrix first row of a matrix as its first column,
the second row as its second column, and so
on. It is denoted by A¶ or AT

§


¢ SYMMETRIC MATRIX:- If the transpose of a matrix
is equal to the given matrix then it is called
symmetric matrix. i.e. AT = A

¢ SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX:- If the transpose of

a matrix is equal to the minus of given matrix then it
is called skew-symmetric matrix. i.e. AT = - A
—eneral concepts

¢ MATRIX ADDITON:- Addition is defined only for

matrices A and B of the same size; their sum
written A+B, is then obtained by adding the
corresponding elements.
¢ SCALR MULTIPLICTION:- The product of any
m x n matrix A and any scalar c, written as cA, is
the m x n matrix cA obtained by multiplying each
element in A by c.s
¢ MATRIX MULTIPLICATION:- The product C = AB
of an m x n matrix A and r x p matrix is defined if
and only if r = n. that is.
Number of columns of A = Number of rows of B.
APPLICATION OF MATRICES
¢ We can solve the system of liner equations using
matrix method.
¢ By finding the rank of matrix we can talk about the
existence of the solution of the system