CHE 301 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Chapter 2

HAZARD
IDENTIFICATION

Chapter 27
 Learning Outcomes
The students should be able to :

1.Define hazard
2.Classify the hazards to its categories
3.State hazard source in the workplace
4.Describe approaches to hazard analysis
5.Describe methods for identifying hazards.
6.Identify types of hazard classification and
its potential injury or diseases.
 Hazard categories

Hazard
(A condition or combination of conditions that,
it left uncorrected, may lead to an accident, illness, or property damage)

Chemical Physical Biological

EXAMPLES
• Mists • Noise • Biology agent
• Vapors • Vibration (eg :insect)
• Gases • Extremes • Microorganisms
temperature – Molds
• Dusts
• Excessive radiation – Fungi
• Fumes
– Bacteria
– virus
Types of hazard classification and its potential injury or disease.

PHYSICAL Physical Hazard Cause Potential injury and disease

Heat Heatstroke, cramp, fatigue
Lighting Headaches, eyestrain
Noise Hearing loss
Vibration White finger disease
Ionising Radiation Lung cancer
Dust Silicosis (lung sickness)
Pressure Decompression sickness (bends)
Electricity Heart failure, burns

Chemical Hazard Cause Potential injury and disease CHEMICAL

Acid and alkalis Dermatitis, eye injury
Metals Cadmium/lead/mercury poisoning
Non-metals Arsenic/cyanide poisoning
Gases Carbon monoxide poisoning
Organic compounds Cancer, nerve damage
Dusts Lead poisoning
Vapours Mercury poisoning
BIOLOGICAL
Biological Hazard Cause
Animal-borne
Human-borne
Vegetable-borne
Mechanical Hazard Cause
Manual handling - over
exertion, lifting or pulling
Unguarded machines
Hydraulic pressure
Gravitational energy – falls of
people or objects
Psychososial Hazard Cause
Violence, harassment or abuse
Stress
Potential injury and disease
Anthrax, Q fever
AIDS
Aspergillosis (farmers lung)
Potential injury and disease
MECHANICAL
Musculoskeletal injury-spinal injury, muscle
strains, spains
Acute physical injuries – severed/crushed
limbs
Acute injury-crushed limbs
Acute injury- broken bones, brain damage
PSYCHOSOCIAL
Potential injury and disease
Physical harm, stress
Psychosomatic disorders (e.q stomach ulcers brought
about by stress)
Hazard sources in the workplace

•work premises layout

• condition of the work premises
• buildings containing asbestos products
• workstation design
• lighting within the work premises
• emergencies situation such as
earthquakes
 HAZARD ANALYSIS
• A systematic process for identifying and
recommending corrective action.

• Approaches to hazard analysis :

A. Preliminary hazard analysis (PHA)
B. Detailed hazard analysis
 P606-609
Preliminary hazard analysis (PHA)
Conducted to identify potential hazards and
prioritized them according to :
1. Likelihood (probability) of an accident or injury
being caused by the hazard.
2. Severity of injury, illness or property damage
that could result if the hazard caused the
accident .
• Involve just observation or pilot testing of new
equipment and systems
 A. Preliminary hazard analysis (PHA)
Can serve 2 purposes :
1. Can expedite (urge on) bringing the new
system on line, but at a substantially
(greatly) reduced risk of injuring workers
2. Can serve as a guide for a future detailed
analysis

• Experience and related expertise are

important factors in conducting a
preliminary review
 B. Detailed hazard analysis
• Involves the application of analytical,
inductive method and deductive (reasoning)
methods
• Conducted for cases where the potential
exists for serious injury, multiple injuries or
catastrophic illness
 METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING
HAZARDS/DETAILED ANAYSIS
1. PROCESS HAZARD CHECKLIST / FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis)
: This is a list of items and possible problems in the process that must be
checked.
2. HAZARDS SURVEYS: This can be simple as an inventory of hazardous
materials, or it can be as detailed as the Dow indexes. The Dow indexes are
a formal rating system, much like an income tax form, that provide
penalties for hazards and credits for safety equipment and procedures.
3. HAZARDS AND OPERABILITY (HAZOP) STUDIES: This approach allows the
mind to go free in a controlled environment. Various events are suggested
for a specific piece of equipment with the participants determining
whether and how the event could occur and whether the event creates
any form of risk.
4. SAFETY REVIEW: An effective but less formal type of HAZOP study. The
results are highly dependent on the experience and synergism of the group
reviewing the process.
Process Hazard or safety Checklist
(items listed in the checklist)
•General layout
•Buildings
•Process
•Piping
•Equipment
•Venting
•Instrument and Electrical
•Safety Equipment
•Raw materials
SAMPLE
 METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING
HAZARDS/DETAILED ANAYSIS
5. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
Method used to predict and prevent accidents or as an investigative
tool after the fact. It is an analytical methodology that uses a graphic
model to visually display the analysis process.

6. Human Error Analysis (HEA)

Method used to predict human error, not review what has occurred. It should
be used to identify hazards before they cause accidents. Normally HEA is
conducted in conjunction with FMEAs and HAZOPs to enhance the effectiveness
of hazards identification.

7. Risk Analysis
Assignment 2A
The worst industrial disasters on record:
1.Fixborough, England disaster
2.Bhopal, India tragedy
3.Hawk’s Nest tragedy
4.Chernobyl disaster
5.Dalian, China accident

a) Explain about the basic causes and root causes that lead to the
accident.
b) Describe four (4) consequences of the accident.
c) Discuss the weak points that should have not existed that led to the
accident.
 Assignment
I. Identify types of hazard (cause and source)
and its potential injury or disease at
existing building of UiTM Terengganu
II. Suggest preventive measures to neutralize
the hazards