Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
– Static approach
– Dynamic approach
As per IS-875 (P3)2015
• All individuals and organizations responsible for putting-up
of tall structures ( transmission towers, chimneys, cooling
towers, buildings, etc ) to provide instrumentation in their
existing and new structures at different elevations ( at least at
two levels ) to continuously measure and monitor wind data.
• The instruments are required to collect data on wind
direction, wind speed and structural response of the structure
due to wind (with the help of accelerometer, strain gauges,etc)
Wind Effect on Structures
Wind Effect on Structures
TURBULENT WAKE
(RANDOM)
Wake
PERIODIC WAKE
Wake in case of
Low Rise Buildings
Wake
Height : 60 m
Height of each storey : 4 m
Spacing of frames :5 m
4m
along the length
5m 5m
A MULTISTORY BUILDING
Wind Data
Vz = Vb . K1 . K2 . K3 .K4
Where,
VZ = Design wind speed at any height z (m/s)
Vb = Basic wind Speed
k1 = Risk coefficient (probability factor ) ( Cl. No. 6.3.1 )
k3 = 1.0 to 1.36
k3 = 1.0 for slopes less than 3˚.
( Refer Appendix C )
• This factor is added in the latest to consider the effect of severe cyclone
winds.
• East coast and west coast (Gujarat) are vulnerable for the occurrence of
cyclone storms.
• The effect of cyclonic storms is largely felt in a belt of 60 km width at
the coast.
• The following values of k4 are taken according to the importance of the
structure.
Therefore, Design Wind Speed is given by,
Vz = Vb.k1.k2.k3.k4
k1 = 1.00
k2 = varies with height
k3 = 1.00
k4 = 1.00
pd = kd.ka.kc.pz
Where,
pz = Wind pressure at height z in (N/m2)
Vz = Design wind speed at any height z (m/s)
pd = Design wind speed
kd = Wind directionality factor ( Cl. No. 7.2.1 )
ka = Area averaging factor ( Cl. No. 7.2.2 )
kc = Combination factor ( Cl. No. 7.3.3.13 )
Where,
F = Wind load
Cf = Force Coefficient
Ae = Effective frontal area obstructing wind
pd = Design wind pressure
Cpe = External pressure coefficient
Cpi = Internal pressure coefficient
A = Surface area of structural element or cladding unit
Fig.4 : IS 875
Wind Load Calculations
F= Cf Ae pd
b=50 m h=60 m
4m
a =10 m a =10 m
Plan of building Elevation
Frames @ 5m c/c
Sample Calculation
Wind 50 m
Cf = 1.2 5m
pd = 1259.55 k22
10 m
K2 = 1.136 (at ht. 60 m) Plan of Building
F = Cf Ae pd
= 1.2 x 10 x 1742.17
= 20906 N
= 20.9 kN
• Terrain category 2 I z , 2 I z ,1
1
I z , 4 I z ,1
7
I z ,1 I z , 4 I z ,1
3
• Terrain category 3 I z ,3
7
z
I z,4 0.466 0.1358 log 10
• Terrain category 4 z
0, 4
Vz’= Vb . k1 . k2’. k3 . k4
Equivalent aerodynamic
roughness height for
terrain ‘i’
Therefore, Design Hourly Mean Wind Speed is given by,
Vz’ = Vb . k1 . k2,i’ . k3 . k4
k1 = 1.00
k2,i’ = varies with height
k3 = 1.00
k4 = 1.00
Vz’ = (50 x 1 x 1 x 1) k2’
= 50 k2,i’ m/s
z
k 2, 3 0.1423 ln z0,3 0.0706 0.1423 ln 60 0.20.0706 0.7245
0.2
z0,3
For z = 60,
z
k2,3 0.1423 ln z0,3 0.0706 0.1423 ln 60 0.20.0706 0.724
0.2
z0,3
V60’ = 50 k2,3’ = 50 x 0.724 = 36.2 m/s
Similarly solve for z = 0, 4, 8, 12, . . . .(to) 56 at each level
b=50 m h=60 m
4m
a =10 m a =10 m
Plan of building Elevation
Computation of Gust Factor (G):
H s g R2 SE
G 1 r [ g Bs (1 )
2 2
]
v
Where,
gv = Peak factor for upwind velocity fluctuation
= 3.0 for category 1 and 2 terrains and,
= 4.0 for category 3 and 4 terrains
r = Roughness factor
= 2 times longitudinal turbulence intensity, Ih,i (Cl.No. 6.5)
Computation of Gust Factor (G):
1
Bs
0.26(h s ) 2 0.46bsh 2
1
Lh
bsh = Average breadth of the building between height s and h.
Lh = Measure of effective turbulence length
…for terrain category 1 to 3
0.25
h
Lh 85
10
0.25
h …for terrain category 4
Lh 70
10
h = Overall height of the building
s = Level at which action effects are calculated
z = Height of the frame considered from G.L.
Computation of Gust Factor (G):
Lh = Measure of effective turbulence length
h
L 85
…for terrain category 1 to 3
0.25
h
10
0.25
h
Lh = 70
10
…for terrain category 4
= Factor to account for the second order turbulence intensity
g v I h ,i Bs
2
Ih,i = Turbulence intensity at roof level and terrain category ‘i’
Hs = Height factor for resonance response
2
s
Hs 1
h
gR = Peak factor for resonant response
gR 2 ln 3600 f a
fa = First mode natural frequency of the building in Hz.
Computation of Gust Factor (G):
S = Size reduction factor
1
S
3.5 f a h 4 f a b0 h
1 1
V h,d
V h ,d
b0h = average breadth of the building between 0 and h
E = Spectrum of turbulence in the approaching wind stream
N
E
1 70.8 N 2 5 6
a = ( 2 Π fa ) 2 δ gR . r (S E) / β
Where,
δ = Mean deflection at the point where the acceleration is
required.