POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Population is the area in which you are trying to get

information from.

A population is a group of individuals persons,

objects, or items from which samples are taken for
measurement for example a population of presidents
or professors, books or students.

Sample is a section of your population that you are

actually going to do a research.

It is important to have a sample that will

represent your entire population in order to
minimize biases.
POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Difference:
Population is the total # of things, while sample is
the # of things that you gather data on.

If you pick the right sample size, you can be pretty

confident that the results of the sample data is
the same as the results of the entire population.
POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Usually, the population is too large for the

researcher to attempt to survey all of its
members.

A small, but carefully chosen sample can be

used to represent the population. The sample
reflects the characteristics of the population
from which it is drawn.
Population and Sample (example)

1. Population : English students at school

2. Target population : English students in Jakarta

3. Accessible Population : English students at SMA 2

Jakarta
4. Sample : English students at class
A1 and A2, SMA 2
Jakarta
POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Consideration in Taking Sample:

1. Research problem
2. Objective
3. Hypothesis
4. Method
5. Instrument
6. Time, energy, personal, and fund
POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Sampling: Sample size

Appropriate sample size depends on

1. Population size
2. Available resources (time, money)
3. Strength of effect being measured
4. Refusal and spoilage rates
5. Number of analyses to be performed
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
Sampling methods:
* Probability (Representative)
* Non probability

In probability samples, each member of the

population has a known non-zero probability of being
selected.

Probability methods include:

1. Random sampling,
2. Systematic sampling
3. Stratified sampling.
POPULATION AND SAMPLE

In nonprobability sampling, members

are selected from the population in
some nonrandom manner.
These include:
1. Convenience sampling,
2. Judgment/Purposive sampling
3. Quota sampling,
4. Snowball sampling.
 POPULATION AND SAMPLE
(Probability or Representative)
Random sampling

Random sampling is the purest form of probability

sampling. Each member of the population has an
equal and known chance of being selected.

When there are very large populations, it is often

difficult or impossible to identify every member of
the population, so the pool of available subjects
becomes biased.
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
(Probability or Representative)
Systematic sampling

Systematic sampling is often used instead of random

sampling. It is also called an Nth name selection
technique.

After the required sample size has been calculated,

every Nth record is selected from a list of population
members.
 POPULATION AND SAMPLE
(Probability or Representative)

A stratified sample

A stratified sample is a mini-reproduction of the

population. Before sampling, the population is divided
into characteristics of importance for the research.
For example, by gender, social class, education level,
religion, etc. Then the population is randomly sampled
within each category or stratum.
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
(Probability or Representative)

Type of Stratified Sample

 POPULATION AND SAMPLE
(Nonprobability)

Quota sample

The defining characteristic of a quota

sample is that the researcher deliberately
sets the proportions of levels or strata
within the sample.
 POPULATION AND SAMPLE
(Nonprobability)

Purposive sample

This sample is constructed to serve a very specific

need or purpose. A researcher may have a specific
group in mind, such as school principals from well
known schools in Aceh.
 POPULATION AND SAMPLE
(Nonprobability)

Convenience sample

A convenience sample is a matter of taking what you

can get. It is an accidental sample. It probably is not
random. Volunteers would constitute a convenience
sample.
 POPULATION AND SAMPLE
(Nonprobability)

Snowball sampling

It is a special nonprobability method used when

the desired sample characteristic is rare.
Snowball sampling relies on referrals from initial
subjects to generate additional subjects.