VII semester

Mining Engineering
 CHAPTERS
1) INTRODUCTION
2) OPENCAST MINING
3) UNDERGROUND MINING
4) EQUIPMENT PLANNING
5) PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
INTRODUCTION –SCOPE - REFERENCES

Lecture 1
REFERENCES:
1)Jayanta Bhattacharya , “Principles of Mine Planning”-Allied
publishers ,Delhi 2003.
2) Hustrulid.W and Kucha.M , “Fundamendals of openpit planning
and design” ,1995.
3) SME handbooks,vol 1,2,3.
4)Hartman.H.L.,”Introductory to Mining Engineering”
TECHNICAL FACTORS IN MINE
PLANNING
Lecture 2
 TECHNICAL FACTORS IN MINE PLANNING

 Geological and mineralogy information

1. Size of the area to be mined(length ,width ,thickness)
2. Dip/plunge ,depth
3. Discontinuities
4. Variation of thickness and width within the mineralised
zone.
5. Boundaries between cut off and waste.
 TECHNICAL FACTORS IN MINE PLANNING

 Structural information(physical & chemical)

1. Depth
2. Structure features-both OB and mineral
3. Type of rock
4. Approximate strength
5. Porosity and permeability, swelling nature.
6. RQD
7. SILICEOUS CONTENT OF THE ORE
 TECHNICAL FACTORS IN MINE PLANNING

 Economic information
1. Tons of mineral reserve of various grades in all of the mining
zones, seams.(proven,probable,inferred)
2. Details of ownership, royalties to be paid
3. Availability of water and its ownership on or near the property.
4. The details of the surface ownership and surface structure that be
effected by subsidence.
5. The location of mining area in relation to ;any existing roads
,railroads ,river s;power,infrastructur and available commercial
supplies.
6. The local ,regional and national political situations.
 LIFE OF THE MINE
 Life of the mine:
1) Taylor’s formula..
T (years) = 0.20 R 0.25
where,
R= Mineable Reserves in tonnes.

So obviously annual production is Q=R/T=5R0.75

2)Modified Taylor’s rule:
T=0.165R0.25
IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING
METHODOLOGY OF MINE PLANNING

Lecture 3
 Identify underground and surface
features e.g. cliffs, streams, homes,
and geology
Step : 1
PRELIMINARY Assess stakeholder sensitivity to
SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT legal constraints and mining
impacts
OF MINE AREAS

Preliminary sensitivity assessment

of mine planning and surface
features

Develop alternative mine plans

Step : 2
PRELIMINARY MINE
PLANNING Preliminary assessment of alternative
mine plans
ASSESSMENT

Select preferred mine plans

 Infrastructure Natural features Private properties
Baseline assessment and Baseline environmental Baseline assessment and
identify mine planning assessment and mine identify mine planning
constraints planning constraints constraints

Step : 3 Update sensitivity

DETAILED assessment
SENSITIVITY
ASSESSMENT

Subsidence impact
assessment
 Detailed assessment of
alternative mine plans
Step : 4
DETAILED MINE
PLANING
Select preferred mine
plan

Infrastructure Natural features Private properties

Infrastructure Subsidence Property subsidence
management plans management plan management plan

Prepare and submit

Step : 5 application to DMR

MINING APPOROVAL
APPLICATION
DMR’s subsidence
management plan
process
MINE PLANNING –SHORT RANGE
AND LONG RANGE
Lecture 4
 The planning process have been typically broken down into 3
categories

Medium range
Short range planning
planning
• short range planning • Medium range planning
where the day-to-day may extend from one
planning process is month to two years. It
involved. This time is here that the
frame can typically range conceptual pit designs
from one day to one or are turned into detailed
two months depending designs to be given to
on the type of operations the short range planners.
and the tonnage of ores • The plan often deals
extracted. with the portion of the
• Address the daily mine area.
problems and concerns • They are undertaken to
with specific solutions. deal with a specific
• These are reality problem in the mine or
operational plans ;they used in choosing a new
require a great amount piece of mining
of detail. equipment.
Long term planning
• long term planning
which assesses the
overall profitability of a
proposed mining
operation. Here pits are
designed with sufficient
detail to provide the
necessary information as
to whether a deposit is
of value to consider a
more detailed analysis.
The time frame is
extended to life of the
mine.
 LONG RANGE PLAN:
 Looks at providing mineral for a finite number of years and a specific size of power
(coal) or mineral beneficiation plant.

 4 objectives of long range plans:

1) the plan must be feasible.
2) potential mining problems must be resolved
3)the plan must identify the major capital expenditures, equipment acquisition, lead
times required for implementation.
4)all reclamation and other mining related environmental questions must be identified
and answered.

 In general this plan is prepared for one or two the following reasons
1) consideration is being given to increase the number of units (size of power
plant/smelters).
2)the previous plan is outdated due to technological or economical changes.
 INFLUENCES OF DIFFERENT GROUPS
ON THE PLANNING PROCESS

Data and Conceptual Long range Intermediate Short range

analysis range
group
Geology High Very high Very high Very high
Hydrogeology Low moderate moderate High
geotechnical moderate High High to Very high Very high
Financial analysis Moderate Very high Very high High
Environmental Low Moderate to high low Very high
science
Civil, mechanical Low Low to moderate High High
and electrical
engineering
Operation moderate high Very high Very high
research
Mining This is the group that pulls all the relevant data together.
engineering
MINE MODELLING-SIMULATION AND
SYSTEM APPROACH.
Lecture 5
ELEMENTS OF MINE MODEL
 Mine Modeling involves spatial location and interconnection of the
basic elements.
 Graphical modeling is designing by drawing like sketches, technical
diagrams etc.
 Physical modeling is illustration of shape and structure either 2D or
3D on a suitable scale.
 Physical models are used for conducting tests and measurements,
Visual illustration like seam depth, location and disturbances etc,
 Mathematical modeling involves simulation and optimization using
mathematical techniques.
 Analytical modeling is basically subset of mathematical modeling.
 Systems approach in mine planning conception, planning, design and
engineering of any interrelated elements so that objective is
automatically optimized.
ELEMENTS OF MINE MODEL
MINE MODEL

model of mine surface model of mine

section underground section

development of the
development of the main
auxiliary mine surface development of deposit
mine surface sector
sector

connection between
main and auxiliary division of levels into
surface sectors and their levels
connections with system
environment

development of seam
 DESIGNED SYSTEM ‘THE MINE’. TRANSFORMATION OF INPUT AND
OUTPUT ELEMENTS ( system approach)
INPUT OUTPUT
ELEMENTS ELEMENTS

DEPOSIT
DESIGNED SALEABLE COAL

PERSONNEL
SYSTEM PREPARATION ECONOMICS
WASTE EFFECTS
MACHINERY
"THE MINE"
ROCK

MATERIALS
WATER
CAPITAL
EXPENDITURE ENERGY SYSTEM USED AIR
FRESH AIR ENVIRONMENT
GASES
WATER

LIQUID WASTE
INFORMATION
 PRODUCTIVE AND NON-PRODUCTIVE SUBSYSTEM
IN THE DESIGNED SYSTEM “THE MINE”
Designed system “THE
MINE”

PRODUCTIVE NON-
PRODUCTIVE
SUBSYSTEM SUBSYSTEM

PRODUCTION
FROM FACES
COAL RESERVE IN
PRODUCTION SEAM EXTRACTIONOF
SEAMS GENERAL INDIVIDUAL

PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION FROM FIRST
WORKING
FROM FACES ENERG
MANGEMENT OF
MACHINERY
MANAGEMENT
MINE
PRODUCTION HAULAGE OF PRODUCTION
FIRST GOTTEN
MATERIALS TRANSPORTS
WORKINGS
ADMINISTRATION
PRODUCTION ROCK
VERTICAL TRANSPORT OF
DEVELOPMEN PERSONNEL
T WORKING
MINE
HOIST OF AUXILIARY SURFACE
MINE GOTTEN PRODUCTION FACILITIES HORIZONTAL TRANSPORT
OF PERSONNEL
PRODUCTION

ROCK
ROCK VENTILATION

COMMUNICATIONS
COAL PREPARATION
AND DISPATCH ROCK
MINE DRAINAGE

PRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT OF SEAMS
ROCK FOR EXPLOITATION
 Estimation of
resources

Metallurgical Geotechnical
engineering engineering

Infrastructure
Mine plan
service

Budget &
evaluation

Mineable reserves
Proven + Probable
 MINE PLAN
Mine plan
• Methods and layouts

Mine plan
• Equipment selection

Mine plan
• Extraction strategy

Mine plan
• Mine services

Mine plan
• Operational supplies

Mine plan
• Manpower and productivity

Mine plan
• Cost estimates

Mine plan
• Production plan

Mine plan
• schedules
SELECTION OF OC MINE CUTS &
SURFACE STRUCTURES
LECTURE 6
FACTORS IN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING:
 Topography
 Existing infrastructure
 Future operations
 Ownership of the land
 Geology
 Surface ground water
 Communication available- roads,rail,telecommunication
 Power
 Location fir fighting station
 Dumping yard location
TYPES OF INFRASTRUCTURES
 DISPERSE TYPE:
-Scattered infra-structure
- Mostly not preferred due its disadvantages like
# land
# transportation difficulties
# communication
 BLOCK TYPE:
structure are kept as close as possible.

( see figure 5.1 of the principles of mine planning , Jayant

Bhattacharya)
LOCATION OF SURFACE STRUCTURES

 The starting point for design of the main mine surface area is the
siting of the mining plant, preliminary selection of the region or
locality being followed by the final decision on the exact location.

 In general, the siting of the mining plant is dictated by the position

of the deposit in the mine concession area.

 The ultimate location of both the main and auxiliary surface areas
depends on:
 Deposit mining and geological condition
 Ownership of the land
 Ground and surface condition
 Existing infrastructure
Contd..

 Before the detailed development plan for the main mine surface is
prepared, it is necessary to:

 Fix the siting and duties of the main shafts in relation to the model
of underground section

 Electric power, configuration of the land

 Fix the size of the particular facilities and installation and site the
individual facilities and installation in relation to the assumed main
production streams
 For this development plan the following principles must be
observed:
 Mutual siting of building, facilities and installations
 Streams of coal, rock, materials, personnel, etc. should follow
the routes established
 Distances between buildings should be big enough to comply
with fire fighting regulations
 Formation of barren rock dumps and spoil tips should be
avoided
 Protection zones and green belts should be established.
 Regulations concerning protection of natural environment
should be rigorously observed.
EXAMINATION OF GEOLOGICAL AND DETERMINATION OF ORE
BODY,SELECTION OF SITE FOR BLOCKING,MINE DELINEATION

LECTURE 7
 GEOLOGY
The following points should be considered:

 Geology of the mineralized zone;

 Physical size and shape of the deposit;

 Quantitative data on grade and tons of material within pertinent cut-off limits;

 Mineralogical and metallurgical characteristics of the ore;

 Physical characteristics of the ore and waste; and

 Data on ground conditions, groundwater and other factors that affect mine
design and operation.
BLOCKING OF OREBODY/DELINEATION
 BLOCKING: “Delineating the ore body.”

For the convenience of mining operation ,sometimes the ore body is divided into blocks.

OTHER REASONS FOR BLOCKING:

1) Lease restrictions
2)Geological formations/faults
3) Grade variation
4) Operational Reasons – Very large block may not be mined as a single block. So in a single mine
the block may be divided into South block , North block .
Example : NLC has Mine 1,1A,2.
5) Depth
6) Safety Aspects
7)Natural/Environmental Restrictions
MINE DESIGN AND PLANNING OF
LAYOUT
LECTURE 8
 PRINCIPLES OF MINE DESIGN
 Mine design techniques focus on three groups of problems
 Indicating most appropriate investment schemes and
program of exploitation.
 Optimization of basic parameters for new mine for map
profit on given investment outlay.
 Execution of technical design for implementation mine
design involves:
 Analyse feasibility of new design methods and justify choice
of suitable ones and their applications.
 Practical use of modeling techniques
 PRACTICAL USE OF MODELING TECHNIQUES..
 Graphical modeling – design by drawing –sketches, technical drawings,
diagrams(flow sheet) automated computer data processing system.

 Physical design models- provide a clean objective of proposed design –

illustrate shape / structure: two dimentional or three dimentional (block
shapes – scaled down).

 Mathematical modeling – currently more frequently applied. Simulation

and optimization models are particularly important. These models tend to
elimination of the abstract and hence can stimulate the true situation with
considerable accuracy and also the number of parameters to be optimized
can be increases more accurately for natural deposit conditions and
provide for more objective design decisions
DESIGNING OF OPEN PIT MINE
 Determination of pit outline in planning involves finding of pit slope
angles, pit bottom width, etc.

 Designing of open cast mine involves:

1. Height of benches with reference to its stability, strength and its

capability to withstand the forces, cleavages Specific gravity,
cohesive strength, internal frictional angle

3. Width of the benches

4. Slope of the benches, berm, face angle and bank width, final pit
slope

5. Design of the haul roads

6. Planning for production, length of face, etc.

 LAYOUT SHOULD GIVE PROVISIONS FOR.....
 Vehicle movement and vehicle parks.
 Contractor’s compounds - temporary canteens ,offices ,site
huts.
 Stores and workshops
 Site services – boiler house, electrical substation, sewage
disposal
 Pit side facilities – lamp room, report centre , pit offices ,
rescue room ..etc
 Clean side facilities – pithead baths, medical centre , canteen
,mine offices , time and wages offices.
CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACE LAYOUTS:
 1) Dispersed Type
 The dispersed type contains a large number of facilities
located over a relatively large area.
 This is olden approach ,in those days space was not a
constraint and environmental, public reactions were
minimum.
 2) Block Type –TYPES: BELT FORM,ZONE FORM.
 Requires smaller site
 Better space utilization
 Easy transport
REFER : BHATTACHRYA PAGE:133.
 LAYOUTS
 Spiral layouts:
-for hilly deposits.
-Iron ore mines in hilly areas and steeply dipping
deposits.
- gradient > 60*
PLANNING OF LAYOUTS
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LAYOUT OF MINE
 Stripping ratio

 Type of the machinery

 Local geology of the area – Gradient ,thickness ,depth

 Terrain – Hilly terrain / Flat terrain.

 Capital available- Example : NLC in Gujarat they have

shovel dumper system due to the shortage of capital available.
BENCH AND HAUL ROAD DESIGN

LECTURE 10
 BENCH DESIGN
 Bench height is depend upon
i. Rock type
ii. Reach of the machine.

 Bench width should not be less than

 the bench height &

 also thrice the width of the dumper or
 twice the width of largest machine ply over the bench
 and 2m clearance.

 Bench slope should not be more than the angle of the repose of
the material.
 HAUL ROAD DESIGN
 Should transfer travelling load to base
 Should seal off the water penetration
 Should have least friction
 Should produce least dust
 Layers of Haul Road:
 Wearing Surface: To resist abrasion (made up of asphalt or
concrete or crushed rock).
 Base: To resist shrinkage and swelling and should have high
stability and density to spread the load acting and distribute the
stresses.
 Sub base (optional): It is required for weak soils. Granular
material can be used for both base and sub base layers.
 Sub grade: Foundation layer which support all the load acting. If
the rock is strong, then the ground itself can be used as sub grade
layer.
Contd..
 Load acting on the Dumper tyres:
 33 % on front tyres & 67 % on rear tyres

 Gradient:
 1 in 14 for haul roads & 1 in 10 for ramps

 Super Elevation Rate:

E = (V2/(10 * R)) - F

Where, E – Super elevation rate (ft/ft) or (m/m)

V – Vehicle speed in (mph) or (kmph)
R – Curve radius in m
F – Friction factor (0.3 to 0.001)
 Contd..

 Haul Road Signs

 Lighting

 Runaway Precautions

 Curve Design

 Drains and Culverts

 Road Edge Barriers

 Sumps & Pumping

SLOPE STABILITY

LECTURE 11
SLOPE STABILITY
 Safety Factor:
F = S/Sm
where S = shear strength and Sm = mobilized shear resistance.

 F < 1: failure can take place, F > 1: safer slope, F=1: under
equilibrium.

 Types of Failures:
 Planar Failure
 Wedge Failure
 Circular Failure
 Toppling Failure
SLOPE STABILITY
STRESS VS SHEAR STRESS
GRAVITY LOADING - BASIC MECHANICS
WATER LOADING - BASIC MECHANICS
MAIN TYPES OF SLOPE FAILURE -
TYPES OF STEREOPLOTS
PRESENTATION OF STRUCTURAL
GEOLOGY INFORMATION
GEOMETRIC CONDITIONS FOR
WEDGE FAILURE
BISHOP'S SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF SLICES
FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR FAILURE
IN SLOPES CUT INTO MATTER
COMMON CLASSES OF TOPPLING
FAILURES
FAILURE STAGES OF LARGE SCALE
TOPPLING FAILURE IN A SLOPE
INTERPRETATION OF SLOPE
MOVEMENT MONITORING DATA
ROCK SLOPE REINFORCEMENT
METHODS
TENSION LOADING - BASIC MECHANICS
ROCK SLOPE STABILIZATION MEASURES
 Contd..
 Thumb rule: Slope angle should be always less than the angle of
repose.

 Critical height is the height at which the bank would fail for the given
design parameters of the pit slope.

 Critical Slope = 4C/P * tan (45° - (Φ/2))

 Slope Stable angle for:

 Soft rock (ex: clay) – 25 to 35°
 Limestone , Shale, Sandstone, Dolomite – 40 to 50°
 Weathered Igneous rock and Metamorphic rock – 50 to 60°
 Very hard Metamorphic rock and Igneous rock – 60 to 70°
 CALENDAR PLANNING

LECTURE 12
 CALENDAR PLANNING
 Calendar Plan is the Plan of various activities related to calendar
schedule.

a. Instantaneous excavation which indicates the following at any

instant:
 Production of Mineral per year
 Removal of Waste per year
 Stripping ratio per year

b. Cumulative excavation which indicates the following:

 Cumulative production of mineral upto that year
 Cumulative handling of waste upto that year
 Overall stripping ratio upto that year
 Stages upto which will be taken, upto that year
 OBJECTIVES & NEED OF CALENDAR PLANS

 Objectives of a Calendar Plan:

 To frame/set a definite Production Goals in space, with quantity
of material to be moved,
 To allow better economic evaluation than the phase average
period.

 Need of a Calendar Plan:

 In a calendar plan, a pictorial representation of stripping ratio
with respect to time is made with a view to optimizing the
extraction of mineral.
 In calculation of stripping work, the whole life span of the mine is
taken into consideration.
CALENDAR PLANNING
Contd..
c. Instantaneous and Cumulative Machinery Utilization – indicate
Instantaneous and cumulative utilization of machinery at
various stages of mining.

d. Quality – indicates the quality of mineral acquired at various

stages of mining work.

e. Development and dismantling of haul roads and ramps

f. Manpower Requirements.
Contd..
 The total life of the mine can broadly be divided into following four
stages:
 1. Construction Stage
 2. Development Stage
 3. Remunerative Stage
 4. Slack Period.

 Overall planning of a mine is correlated to all phases of mining

operations, which will facilitate and ensure maximum utilization of
heavy earth moving machinery(HEMM) and other complementary
equipment which will be a function of the total work load of waste
rock handling and mineral output within a particular time frame.

 The yearly productivity of the deployed equipment will indicate the

complementary and supplementary manpower required.
PRODUCTION SCHEDULING AND
PLANNING
Lecture 13
Production planning:
 Optimum levels of production is to keep cost of production as
low as possible
 Operational Viability

 Sufficient exposure of minerals

 Keep the gap as little as possible between the ore and waste

 Minimize the pit slope

 Alternative production rate

 Proper equipment selection

 MINE SCHEDULING:
‘Mine Scheduling is a process of simulating the
extraction of deposit over time’
This process comprises of,
a) Defining the deposit as a group of mining blocks and
establishing attributes for these blocks.
b) Establishing rates of removal for the minerals in the
mining blocks and the sequence in which the blocks
are to be removed.
c) Simulating this extraction sequence.
Cont.,
d) Reporting the results of the schedule.

Because of the spatial relationships between

mining blocks usually play an important role in
the feasibility of an extraction sequence, the
mining engineer can benefit from a graphical
representation of the schedule.
ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY INDICES

LECTURE 14
 TECHNO – ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

 Performance monitoring / analysis

 Technical analysis includes:

 Production – achieving target – precession plant efficiency

 Productivity – OMS

 Machinery – machine utilization – machine availability – machine

efficiency
 Contd..

 Manpower – skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled

 Safey – accidents per million hours or for thousand tonnes of

production or man lakh hours

 Energy –conservation, utilization

 Environment – green house gas emission – any bank loans – 10% of

amount should be availed for environment

 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
 Economic analysis includes all of the above + capital and

operating costs

 Ex: Energy – cost/ tonne produced

 Safety – compensation and damage

 Production – cost / tonne ; NPV – techno economic indices

 Productivity – cost per labor of manpower

 Contd..

 National Productivity Council : For measuring the

performance of different organizations

 Capital cost

 Ex: for a shovel – dumper : 50 crores for million tonnes per year

 For a BWE: 90 – 100 crores per million tonne production per year

 (Neyveli in Gujarat is not using BWE because of lack of capital funds)

 Operating cost
LOCATION OF UG ENTRIES

LECTURE 15
 LOCATION OF UG ENTRIES
 Type of/ mode of entry - Shaft, Decline, Adit

 Comparison of calculated construction costs, unit and total costs

 Unit cost – cost / ton

 Total cost - construction, maintenance, cost of haulage

 Objective: to meet the production requirement

 SITE CONSTRAINTS
 Shaft Location – presence of water bodies, forest area etc.
 Geological Disturbances, Hydrological Disturbances, Topography etc.,

 HFL

 Loss of Mineral in Shaft Pillar

 Infrastructure ( in remote areas) – power and materials

 Purpose of Shaft – production / ventilation / waste pumping

 Haulage/ Transport – dispatch

 Energy availability

 Sand stowing – location of same

 Contd..
 Algorithms to select shaft / decline: Zian’s method, Vez’s method –

Analytical method (Refer Jayantha Bhattacharya)

Optimization of mine parameters

LECTURE 16
 Optimization of mine parameters (Size of panel, length of
face, location of levels, level intervals)

 Optimization is a mathematical operation involving the parameters that

influence the objective which can be minimization or

maximization.

 Production - In terms of Economics, Safety and Environment – graph

 Panel Size –

 For coal mines – Production * Incubation Period

 For metal mines – No Incubation Period but production is a problem

 Contd..
 Level Interval – Graph
 Dimensions of galleries –
 Larger galleries can give lots of advantages but safety problems are also
high.
 Regulations /rules .
 Face- Length of Longwall Face
 Let the production / day / shift for 6 hour shift be 330 tonnes
 Length of Longwall Face = 330/(γ*Area of panel)
Where
γ=
Area of Panel = Panel length * thickness
Panel length is dictated by the Incubation Period
 LONGWALL FACE LENGTH

The chosen length determines:

 Rate at which advances/ repeats
 Tonnage recoverable from panel
 AFC length
 Number of supports required.
 Capital cost of face equipment
 ADVANTAGES OF LONG FACE
 Output/ shearer greater.
 Greater cutting time as less time loss at face end
measurement.
 Reduced devi seqts fewer faces per panel
 Reduced mix of gate side packs.
 Fewer face moves, reduced interruptions to production
 Reduced construction work are crossings in, doors, conveyor
installation.
 Important vent effects, lesser leakage points.
ADVANTAGES OF SHORTER FACES
 Lower capital requirements/ face
 Higher speed of face, better strata control, consistent
production
 Light loading on AFC promote reliability, avoids unplanned
stoppages
 Less equipments involved in face transfers.
 More development work.
 COAL INDIA has standardized on 150m length faces.
OPTIMIZATION OF MINE PARAMETERS
DESIGN OF PROTECTIVE AND SHAFT PILLAR

Lecture 17
 SHAFT PILLAR
Consider, D=depth of the shaft in m,
T=Thickness of seam in m,
R=Radius of shaft pillar in m.
(1) DRON’S rule:
Area of shaft pillar = area to be supported + D/6 on all sides
(2) FOSTER’S rule:
R=3√Dt
(3) WADIN’S rule:
For shaft upto 100m depth, size should not be less than 36.5m×36.5m.
There after for every 36.5m depth, increase size by9m.
Cont.,
(4) MINING ENGINEERS rule:
For shallow shafts the minimum radius for shaft pillar is 18m.
For deeper shaft,
√Dt
R=18.3+ 32.8
(5) DONAHUE’s formula for inclined seams:
If D= Depth of shaft, X= angle of dip of coal seam,
Then y = D Sinx Cosx
S= Margin of safety, usually equal to 5% to10% of the depth,
Then width of the pillar on rise side = S+ D/7+ 2y/3
Then width of the pillar on Dip side = S+ D/7 – v/3
Then width of the pillar along strike = S+ D/7
SHAFT PILLAR PROTECTION

 Rapid Mining
 Stowing
 Harmonic Extraction
 Partial Extraction
SELECTION OF METHOD OF EXTRACTION

Lecture 19
 FACTORS IN SELECTION
 Spatial characteristics of deposit
 Size(dimensions, especially height or thickness)
 Shape (tabular, lenticular, massive, irregular)
 Altitude(inclination or dip)
 Depth (mean and extreme values, stripping ration)
 Geologic and hydrologic conditions
 Mineralogy and petrography (sulfides vs. oxides)
 Chemical composition (primary, by-product minerals)
 Deposit structure (folds, faults, discontinuities, intrusions)
 Planes of weakness (joints, fractures, cleavage in mineral, cleats in
coal)
 Uniformity, alteration weathering (zones, boundaries)
 Groundwater and hydrology (occurrence, flow rate, water table)
 Geotechnical(soil and rock mechanics ) properties
 Elastic properties (strength, modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio. Etc.)
 Plastic or viscoelastic behavior (flow, creep
 State of stress (original, modified by mining)
 Consolidation, companion, and competence (ability of opening to stand
unsupported)
 Other physical properties (specific gravity, voids, porosity, permeability,
moisture content)
 Economic considerations
 Reserves (tonnages and grades_
 Production rate( output per unit time)
 Mine life ( operating period for development and exploitation)
 Productivity (output per unit of labor and time)
 Comparative mining costs of suitable methods.
 Technological factors
 Mine recovery
 Dilution( amount of waster produced with ore
 Flexibility of method with changing conditions
 Selectivity of method to distinguish ore and waster.
 Concentration or dispersion of workings
 Capital, labor and mechanization intensities
 Environmental concerns
 Ground control to maintain integrity of openings
 Subsidence, or caving effects on the surface.
 Atmospheric control (ventilation, quality control, heat and humidity
control)
 Work force(recruitment, training, health and safety, living,
community conditions)
Type of ore body Dip Strength of ore Strength of walls Possible Method
of Mining

Thin bodies Flat Strong Strong Room and pillar,

Casual pillar Open
slopes

Weak or Strong Weak Top slicing, Longwall

Thick bodies Flat Strong Strong Sub-level stoping
room and pillar
cut and fill

Weak or Strong Weak Sub level caving

Top slicing

Weak Strong Square set,

Cut and fill
Sub level stoping
Narrow Veins Steep Weak or Strong Weak or Strong Reusing in open
slopes or sculled
slopes
Thick veins Steep Strong Strong Open stopes
sub-level stoping
shrinkage slopes
Cut and fill method
Steep Weak Cut and fill stope
square –set stope
top slicing
sub-level caving
Weak Strong Open casual pillar
square-set slope
top slicing
Sub-level caving
Weak Weak Square-set stopes
top-slicing ,sub-
level caving
Massive Strong Strong Shrinkage stope
Sub-level stoping
Cut and fill stope
Weak Weak or strong Square-set stope
Top –slicing
Sub-Level caving
Block caving
Man Power Management

LECTURE 20
 List of life Time certificates
 List of statutory certificates
 List of statutory and life time certificates
 Details of employees – Due date prior 3 months
 License and PME information details
 List of employees for selected period whose license, statutory
certificates are for renewal
 List of employees for selected period who did not attend
PME
 List of employees who did not attend PME in their service.
 Strikes

 All strike details

 For selected month

 For selected period

 Cause wise analysis of strike

 Legal/Illegal wise Strike Details

 Partial/Total wise Strike Details

 Designation

 Total number of lockouts

 Month wise/Year wise

 Charge Sheet

 Standing Order number wise Charge Sheet

 Standing Order number wise Status Report

 All charge Sheet details

 Enquiry

 Submitted /not submitted wise enquiry report

 Enquiry details based on Duration

 All enquiries Details

 Warning Letters/Charge Sheet Information Details

PLANNING ON WATER MANAGEMENT

Lecture 21
Planning on Water Management
1. Expected inflow assessment
Open cast relates to exposed area to rain (catchment area vis-
a vis mine area), Underground excess inflow due to rain on
S/F, underground water generation, water from water
bearing strata/aquifer.
2.Plan to prevent ingress to mine
Open cast S/F drains, channels, guide run off –underground
mine subsidence areas to be protected, S/F drains,
consolidation where feasible – such as cracks/ fissures –
prevent run off access to mine workings outlets above HFL
away from water bodies.
3. Plan for sump capacity
 Open cast –heaviest showers in the past- required pumping
capacity and sump volume without affecting operations.
Underground maximum inflow in the monsoon seasons- all
sources.
 Number / location of sumps- special sumps- in particular if
water is to be stored for future use by mine in dry season –
like spraying/ quenching / colony requirements.
 Pump capacity – dead / live – type of pumping operation –
concentrated spread out all sifts/ night shift.
4.Pumping Plans
 Pit bottom main sump – open cast sump – single /supplicate drainages
in stone may be required – storage capacity 24 hours /2 days/ as
required.
 Cardinal Principle – collect water where it is generated, do not allow or
take to lower levels- use maximum of gravity flows to reduce pumping
cost.
 Ample size of delivery lines reduce open cost all points at crucial points
to be duplicated with separate (duplicate) delivery to meet any
emergency.
 Layout of pump room and foundations, pump fitting and switch gear-
pump and pipe joints – ventilation/ lighting / communication to pump
room.
 Choice of face / intermediate pumps – centrifugal (various types)
turbine / MONO / submersible types/piston type, etc
TECHNO ECONOMIC INDICES

LECTURE - 23
 BASIC TECHNO ECONOMIC INDICES

INDICES UNIT
Mine Production (net) t/day
Average construction time to produce first coal years
Average construction time to reach target production years
Construction time for an extraction level years
Numbers of extraction levels in the mine years
Production from one level t/day
Production from one face t/day
Production per loading point t/day
Intensity of extraction t/km²
Overall productivity tOMS
Index of mechanization of coal getting %
VENTILATION PLANNING

Lecture - 24
 VENTILATION PLANNING
 AIR QUANTITY & VELOCITY:
 Deals with effects of
 Methane and other gases
 Heat
 Dust
Cont’d
 VENTILATION PLANNING:
 Prepare mine working plans
 Project at each life stages of mine the proposed extent of mine
workings – U/G roadways, working districts, drifts,
dev.headings, raise/winze, substations, pump houses, loco
garage, first aid rooms, haulage rooms, miners stations etc…
 Link all these to period of major change – drifts, horizons,
stopes, depillaring, etc…
 Random interval can also be selected – 5 yrs interval upto 25
years.
Cont’d
 VOLUME FLOW:

 Quantity of air required at different places estimates based on methane

emission, volume of production, no of persons working U/G / man shift,
wet bulb temp, dust SPM

 Calculate the resultant velocities on each roadway to ensure this flow &
reqd velocity at working places – not too high / nor too low, adequate to
control dust also.

 Allow for all leakages, S/P at airlock, pit bottom dons, intake to return –
which increase with extended working and WG. Estimate VEQ % overall
air to air at face. 50% VEQ is good ventilation standard
Cont’d
 MINE RESISTANCE:

 Calculate roadway resistance as per formulae and then series /

parallel for all circuits – nodal point resistances.

 Evaluate total resistance. Chart variation in mine resistance

through mine life.
Cont’d
 VENTILATION PRESSURE:

 Small pressure only observed at face – balance due to rest. all

along roadways / shafts etc…
Cont’d
 VENTILATION NETWORK:

 Identify nodes, branches, tabulate for all the stage of life plans.
Allow for leakages

 system resistance and equivalent orifice can be calculated.

VENTILATION:
Cont’d
 STATUTORY REQUIREMENT:
 Heat and Humidity

 Wet bulb temp – 30.5º C

 Velocity not less than 1 m/s

 No deployment of mess when wet bulb temp is over 33.5º C

Cont’d

 Dust is controlled best with velocity 1.5 to 2 m/s. Gas

dilution – keep methane below 0.5% at face. Virgin rock
temp to be considered.

 Indian Coal Fields:

 Geothermic gradient 1º C per 36m depth commencing at
18m depth 27.2º C constant VRT at 100m = 27.2 + (100
– 18) / 36 = 29.42º C
Cont’d

 CONTROL OF DUST AND GASES:

 Explosion and Fire hazard

 Health risk

 Nuisance value – irritation of skin, eyes, ears, nose – machine

relays, bearings circuitry, Visibility – dust cloud.
Cont’d
 Primary cause:
 Mechanical breakage and disintegration during mining
operations, also release & dispersion of dust present – slip
planes
 Degradation and agitation of material during transport –
respirable dust, is that aims airborne ( less than 10 micron in
diameter ).
MINE SUPPORT PLANNING

LECTURE 24
 Supports in UG in mines are designed to support the load coming from the
“IMMEDIATE ROOF” only.(not the total load above it).

 So supports have to be designed to carry the load from pressure arc, not the
total load above excavation.

 CAVABILITY: its the most important factor in designing the supports.

 CMRI: CAVABILITY INDEX=I=t0.6(∂*m)n

Where , t=thickness of the strong bed
∂=compressive strength
m=parameter of massiveness=(RQD+10)/100
n=factor depend on RQD=1.1-1.3.
 ESTIMATION OF SUPPORT
REQUIRMENT FOR LONGWALL FACE
 NCB METHOD

FORMULAS:
1) SUPPORT LOAD /UNIT AREA = P= (VLM)/(K-1)
Where,
V= average density in t/m3
L= Longwall face length in m
M= average face length in m
K= bulking factor

2)HEIGHT OF IMMEDIATE ROOF=IR=T/(K-1)

where,
T= thickness of extraction.
K= Bulking factor.

3) TOTAL LOAD ACTING

Load = Density *Height of immediate roof*(Length of the face + Gate roadway width on both
sides)*span
 EXAMPLE
FOR GIVEN DATA OF :
Density of coal = 1.2 t/m3,Bulking factor = 1.3,Length of the face = 120 m ,
Width of gate roadways=4+4= 8 m, Span = 8 m.
Calculation:
Assuming the width of the support is = 1.5 m
 Load = Density *Height of immediate roof*(Length of the face + Gate roadway
width on both sides)*span
=1.2*15*(120+8)*8 = 18432 t

 NUMBER OF SUPPORTS REQUIRED =Total face length/width of support

=128/1.5= 85
 LOAD ON EACH SUPPORT = Load acting/No.of supports
=18432/85 = 217 t
 To have a factor of safety above one ,
the load bearing capacity of each support is taken as 250 t.

THUMB RULE:

Loading acting at a particular depth(d) = 0.025*d.

If strata is inclined =0.025*d*cos(angle)

MINE RECLAMATION PLANNING

LECTURE 26
 Mine Reclamation
 “Land reclamation is the treatment of the land ,creating
conditions for putting the land to its pre-mining use or
other useful working.”

 A reclamation area both aesthetically attractive as well as useful is

more desirable.

 The reclamation process serves a binding agreement between the

management and the government agencies.

 However there may be some changes in the over all life of the
project –usually techniques and methodology.
Reclamation plan purpose
 Provide detailed guideline for reclamation process and fulfill
all the statutory requirements.

 Plans for the use during entire operational period and

subsequent to the cessation of exploration, mining and
possessive activities.

 Reclamation planning should provide direction and standards

to assist on monitoring and compliance evaluations.
Reclamation plan content
 A logical sequence of steps for the completing the
reclamation purpose

 The specifics of how the reclamation standards will be

achieved.

 As the estimation of the specific costs of reclamation

 Sufficient information for development of the basis of the

inspection.
Reclamation standards
 Waste management
 All undesirable materials(all toxic sub soil contaminated soil ,
fluids process residue, refuse)shall be isolated
\recovered\buried or appropriate disposal
A)Area protected from future contamination from mining
activities.
B)No contamination materials remaining near S\F
C)Remove \isolate ]bury inappropriate manner all the toxic
substance
D)Adopt acceptable waste disposal practices
Reclamation standards
 Subsurface
To be properly sterilized, holes in U\G working property
plugged and sub surface integrity ensured

 Site stability
Reclaimed area should be stable and should not exhibit—
large rills or gullies, soil movement, slope instability.
Reclamation planning steps…..
 Make an inventory of the pre-mining conditions.
 Evaluate and decide the post-mining requirements of the
region with due considerations of needs and desires of the
affected group.
 Analyze alternative mining and reclamation schemes best of
the objective.
 Develop an acceptable mining, reclamation and land use
scheme that is most suitable under technical, social and
economic conditions.
 Information requirements
Natural land use factor
 Topography
 Climate
 Altitude
 Exposure
 Hydrology
Surface hydrology
Ground water hydrology
 Geology
 Soils
Agricultural character
Engineering character
 Terrestrial ecology
 Aquatis ecology
 Information requirments
Cultural factors
 Location
 Accessibility
 Size and shape of the site
 Surrounding land use
 Land ownership
 Type, intensity and value of use
 Population characteristics
Process of Reclamation
TECHNICAL RECLAMATION
This includes back filling of the excavations, spreading of
the subsoil and top soil, grading of the backfilling and waste
dump .
BIOLOGICAL RECLAMATION
 Restore the fertility and biological productivity of the
disturbed lands
 This phase takes 3 to 5 years
 During this favorable spices are grown which depend on the
climate depth and nature of the topsoil and subsoil, local type
of farming etc.
BIOLOGICAL RECLAMATION
BIOLOGICAL RECLAMATION
TECHNICAL RECLAMATION
PLANNING OF SELECTION OF
EQUIPMENT
LECTURE 27
Planning and selection of equipment
The process involved are
 Selection of the apt technology
 Selection of the primary equipment
 Selection of the individual equipment
 Sizing of the equipment
 Selection of the supplier.
Factors influencing selection of equipment

 Type of the deposit

 Size of the equipment
 Location of the deposit
 Production parameters
 Project life
 Capital availability
 Performance factors
 Geo technical considerations
 Ergonomics and saftey
 Accessible for surface mining

Non
stratified
stratified

Massive
horizontal inclined Vertical vein
stock\pipe
Thick Gentle Gentle Steep
Thin ob narrow wide irregular
ob inclinati inclinati inclinati
Thick Thin on < on > on
seam seam angle of angle of
repose repose

Backfilling Outside Outside

Backfilling Outside dump
direct dump dump
around pit
carting

Near fixed obratio near Increasing ob ratio Increasing ob ratio increasing

fixed depth lateral increasing depth lateral depth vertical advance lateral
advance cutoff due to &vertical advance to dip advance required for a saftey
surface variation cutoff cutoff
CAPACITY PLANNING AND
UTILIZATION
LECTURE 28
 PROBLEM
STATEMENT

Economics Condition Activities Equipment Public policy

Equipment
Guidelines Selection Evaluation
type
Operational
Encumbared
space
Geometric Equipment
Selection
design size
Evaluation

Limits and
failures

Performence
analysis

Suitable tests Completion

checks

Reselect or
alternative
EQUIPMENT FOR DRILLING AND
BLASTING
LECTURE 29
Factors in drill performance
 Operating variables (drill, rod, bit and fluid)
(a) Drill power, blow energy and frequency, rotary,
speed, thrust and rod design;
(b) Fluid properties and flow rate.

 Drillhole factors (hole size, length, and inclination)

Hole diameters,
in surface 6 – 18 in. (150-450mm)
in underground 1.5-7 in. (40-175 mm)
Contd…
 Rock factors
 Properties of the rock,
 Geological conditions
 State of stress acting on the drill hole.

 Service factors
 Labour and supervision,
 Power supply
 Jobsite,
 Weather
Drill performance parameters
There are four parameters are measured or estimated most
frequently:
Process energy and power consumption

Penetration rate

Bit wear (life)

Cost(ownership + operating = overall)

DRILL SELECTION
 Determine and specify the conditions under the
conditions under which the machine will be used,
 such as the job - related factors (lobor, site, weather,
etc...), with safety the ultimate consideration.
 State the objectives for the rock breakage
 tonnage, fragmentation, throw, vibrations
 Based on blasting requirements, design the drill hole
pattern for surface mining or drill round if
underground (hole size and depth, inclination, burden,
spacing, etc...)
Contd…
 Determine the drillability factors, and, for the kind
of rock anticipated identify the drilling method
candidates that appear feasible
 Specify the operating variables for each system under
consideration including drill, rod, bit, and circulation
fluid factors.
 Estimate the performance parameters, including
machine availability and costs, and compare.
 Cost /meter.
 Consider the power source and select specifications.
Selection also includes….
 Machines capability (pulldown, rotary torque, etc.) must exceed
formation penetration requirements.
 Maximum hole size capability increases with machine size.
 Larger machines are more rugged and can generally drill in harder
formations.
 A machine that can handle drill pipe long enough to permit
single pass drilling can significantly improve productivity.
 The production rate is dependent both on the actual
penentration rate and on the time required for pipe
changes and machine repositioning.
 Electric drives have the lowest operating cost, the longest service
life and the best track record for reliability.
 Electric drives require an in-pit power distribution system.
 Three levels of pit and area mobility are available; low
speed crawlers (electric machines), medium speed crawlers
(diesel machines) and roadable high speed carriers (wheel
mounted units)
 Dust control requirements are dictated by regulations.
 Optional equipment such as powered cable reels, automatic
lubrication, automated controls. Etc., can increase the
efficiency of the drilling operations.
 Long term productivity is dependent on the ruggedness,
reliability and maintainability of the design.
Drill selection
 Type of drill
 Type of bit
 Size of bit
 Power source
 Drillability (rate of penetration)
 Blasting factor
 Drilling factor
EQUIPMENT FOR EXCAVATION

Lecture 30
CONTINUOUS MINERS – AN UNIVERSAL
CHOICE.

 Irrespective of the site, Continuous miners are the first

choice.

-For OC mine: compressive strength of rock

- up to 80 MPa it can be used.

-For UG mine: Protodyaknov index >2.

 SELECTION
 Idealized output
 Operating factors
- working time
- operating conditions
- rock fragmentation

 Cost of the equipment- both installation and maintenance cost.

 Availability of spares - local or foreign manufacture.
SELECTION OF EXCAVATOR

1.Idealized output

Measure Soil Rock

(Tonnes/m3) (Tonnes/m3)
Bank (solid) 1.8 2.4

Loose (broken) 1.5 1.5

2.OPERATING FACTORS
2A.WORKING TIME
AVAILABILITY ACTUAL TIME
Favourable 55 min/hr , 7 hr/shift
Average 50
Unfavourable 40
2B.OPERATING CONDITIONS
CONDITIONS CORRECTIONS
Favourable 80% Average
70%
Unfavourable 60%
Contd…
 2C.ROCK FRAGMENTATION

FRAGMENTATION TABLE OUTPUT

 Well blasted (easy) Larger figure

 Average (average) Average value
 Poorly blasted (hard) Smaller figure
 ESTIMATING PARAMETERS FOR
SURFACE EXCAVATORS
Type of Capacity Estimate wt. Est. Power Est. Life Est. Price
excavator m3 Kg/m3 kW/m3 hr $/m3

Rubber tired 19 – 40 1,700 14 12,000 9,500

scraper

Front end 2.7 - 2.3 7,100 51 12,000 36,000

loader

Hydraulic 3 - 23 17,800 70 30,000 85,000

excavator

Electric power 4.6 – 57 32,000 40 75,000 144,000

shovel

Walking 6.9 – 138 68,000 99 100,000 275,000

dragline

Bucket wheel 0.1 - 4 - - 30,000 -

excavator
EQUIPMENT FOR HAULAGE AND
TRANSPORT
Lecture 31
 In OC mines around 55-60% of the mining cost goes to
Transportation.

 In UG mines around 30% of the mining cost goes to

Transportation.

 If distance is less than 500m then trucks are preferable than

conveyors.

 Conveyors are advantageous in longer distance.

 In NLC , Conveyor length = 14.5km(Second largest conveyor

in Asia).
 EQUIPMENT SELECTION

o Selection of primary equipment

o Selection of individual equipment

o Sizing
o
o Selection of supplier
 FACTORS AFFECTING FOR THIS
SELECTION
 Type of deposit
 Size of deposit
 Length
 Width
 Depth

 Location of deposit
 Production parameter
 Project life
 Capital available
 Performance factors
PRIMARY FACTORS ARE...
 DISTANCE

 GRADIENT/TERRAIN NATURE(FLAT/UNDULATION/SLOPE)

 TONNAGE

 CAPITAL AVAILABLE

 MATERIAL SIZE AND CHARACTERISTICS.

NOTE:
Average Standard working hour in a year by the HEMM in the surface mining operation.
With one shift operation/ day 1200 hrs
With two shift operation/ day 2000 hrs
With three shift operation/ day 2500 hrs
Life of the HEMM depends upon the system of good maintenance, proper handling and
working in the normal environmental condition.
Contd…
PRODUCTIVITY AND AVAILABILITY NORMS FOR
HEAVY EARTH MOVING MACHINERY (HEMM)
1.Type of material to be excavated
S.no Rock type compressive category of Boundary
Strength rock values of
(kg/cm2) Compaction
factor*
1 Alluvium and Soil up to 55 I 0.80

2 Soft shales 55 – 125 II 0.77

fireclay, etc..
3 Shales and soft 125 – 250 III 0.74
sandstone
4 Weathered and 250 – 1025 IV 0.71
hard sandstone
5 Granite and More than 1025 V 0.68
metamorphic
rocks
2. Dragline bucket cycle time, 90 degree swing angle.
Cat – I material 0.91 minutes
Cat – II material 1.04 minutes
Cat – III material 1.17 minutes
Cat – IV material 1.29 minutes
3. Dragline bucket cycle time, 100 degree swing angle.
Cat – I material 1.27 minutes
Cat – II material 1.41 minutes
Cat – III material 1.54 minutes
Cat – IV material 1.67 minutes
Contd…
4. Dragline bucket fill factor for 32m3 and 4m3 buckets.
Category of material
fill factor
(for 32m3 bucket) (for 4m3 bucket)
Cat – I 1.05 0.95
Cat – II 1.02 0.92
Cat – III 0.98 0.88
Cat - IV 0.95 0.85

Fill factor for sizes in between will be proportionate to above. Use of dragline in cat – 5
material is not recommended.
Contd…
5.(a) electric rope shovel bucket
cycle time:
Category of material (time in minutes)
(1800 swing angle) (900 swing angle)
Cat – I 0.55 0.44
Cat – II 0.50 0.47
Cat – III 0.61 0.50
Cat - IV 0.64 0.53
Cat – V 0.67 0.56
Contd…
(b) Hydraulic Shovel Bucket cycle time:

Category of material (time in minutes)

(1800 swing angle) (900 swing angle)
Cat – I 0.49 0.42
Cat – II 0.51 0.44
Cat – III 0.53 0.46
Cat - IV 0.55 0.48
Cat – V 0.57 0.50
Contd…
6. Time for spotting the dumper for shovel loading, 0.5 minutes for 35
t dumper and 0.6 minute for 120 t dumper. For all bottom –
discharge dumpers it is taken as 0.6 minutes.

7. Time at dumper yard for dumper waiting, spotting and unloading -

2.9 minutes for 35t dumpers and 3.4 minutes for 120 t dumper.

8. Average dumper speed depends on type of dumper (electric wheel

drive or mechanical drive ) and the distance of haul. For 2 km lead,
it is 22 and 20 km/hr respectively, for 4 km lead, the figures are 27
and 25 km/hr respectively
Contd…
9. Availability of dumpers

Type 2 shift operation 3 shift operation

Mechanical 87% 67%
Electrical 89% 72%

In practice, it is found that practical availability figures for

indigenous dumpers is much below the above norms.
 10.Annual output norms for commonly used draglines
and shovels on 3 shifts a day and 300 days a year basis.

Assuming
50% OB : CAT – III
Draglines size Swing angle 5O% OB : CAT – IV
Annual output in
million cubic metre
10/70 900 1.30

1200 1.18

20/90 900 2.72

1200 2.46

24/96 900 3.31

1200 3.00
 Contd…
Assuming

50% OB : CAT – III

Shovel size
5O% OB : CAT – IV
(Rope shovel) Dumper size
Annual output in million
cubic metre
4.6 cu m 35 t RD 0.79 (RD)

5.0 cu m 35 t RD 0.86

10.0 cu m 85 t RD 1.80

10.0 cu m 120 t RD 1.89

 commensurate with safe protection.

PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF MINING

EQUIPMENTS
Lecture 31
Monitoring parameters...
Availability
 Availability = --------------------------------------------

Available hours + downtime

Where available hours = Rostered hours – (downtime+ lost time)

if per day 2 hours is downtime.available hours is 22 hours , then availability is 22/24 =

.91*100=91%.
Utilized hours
 Utilization of availability = ---------------------------

Available hours

Where utilized hours = available hours – equipment idle hours.

In the above stated 22 hours of available time,if 20 hours are utilised the, utilisation of availability is
20/22=.90*100=90%.
 Utilized hours
 Utilization = -----------------------------------------
Rostered hours – lost time

Utilized hours
 MTBF = -------------------------
Failure frequency

Where MTBF is Mean Time Between Failures that describes reliability of the equipment.
Example: if in a month 630 hours the equipment is utilized and 2 times it met a breakdown then MTBT is 630/2=315 hours.

Repair hours
 MTTR = -----------------------------
Failure frequency

Where MTTR is Mean Time To Repair that describes the maintainability of equipment and maintenance efficiency of the
organization.

Example: if the equipment fails 3 times and 5 hours ,2 hours,8 hours takes to repair it respectively , then
MTTR=(5+2+8)/3=5 hours.
So at average it takes 5 hours to repair if it fails.
EXPERT SYSTEM FOR EQUIPMENT
PLANNING AND UTILIZATION
LECTURE 32
EXPERT SYSTEM:
 DEFINITION:

 “A program which uses AI techniques to do the same type of

task an expert does.”

 “A computer program that behaves like a human expert in

some useful ways.”
 IMPORTANCE

 To preserve the knowledge that might be lost if a

company expert retires, resigns or dies.

 To clone a specialist’s expertise.

Components of an Expert System
 Knowledge Base
 The part of expert system that stores the knowledge of an expert.

 Stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and relationships used by the
expert system

 Inference Engine
 The part that applies the knowledge to the problem .

 Seeks information and relationships from the knowledge base and provides answers,
predictions, and suggestions in the way a human expert would.

 User interface

 Rule
 A conditional statement that links given conditions to actions or outcomes
COMPONENTS:
Explanation Inference
facility engine

Knowledge
Knowledge base User
base acquisition interface
facility

Experts User
Participants in Expert Systems
Development and Use
 Domain expert
 The individual or group whose expertise and knowledge is
captured for use in an expert system
 Knowledge user
 The individual or group who uses and benefits from the expert
system
 Knowledge engineer
 Someone trained or experienced in the design, development,
implementation, and maintenance of an expert system
 Expert
system

Knowledge engineer
Domain expert Knowledge user
 ES in planning....
 Selection of method of mining

- whether to go for opencast mining or underground

- what method is best suited to the particular condition among the available methods.

 Selection of equipment

- in opencast : Shovel – Dumper system / Dragline /

Bucket Wheel Excavator(BWE).

- In underground: Shuttle cars with Conveyors/Rope Haulage/LHD with Conveyor

RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN MINING
EQUIPMENTS
LECTURE 33
INNOVATIVE MINING EQUIPMENT

LECTURE 34
 INNOVATIONS...
 Rock breakers
 Highwall mining
 Deep opencast mining
 Ocean mining
 Manless mining
 ROLF= remotely operated longwall face
 Robotics in mining – caterpillar is developing robots for
mining operations ( AUTODIG).
FEASIBILITY REPORT and DETAILED
PROJECT REPORT(DPR)
 FEASIBILITY REPORT
 “Feasibility Report is studying a situation and a plan to do
something about it, and then determines whether the plan is
"feasible" and whether it is practical.”

 Feasibility Report answers the question of whether a plan

should be implemented by stating "yes", "no", and
sometimes "maybe". Not only recommendation, Feasibility
Report should also provide the data and the reasoning behind
that recommendation.
FEASIBILITY REPORT CONSISTS OF ….
 Information on deposit

 Information on general project economics

 Mining method selection

 Processing method

 Capital and operating cost estimates

 Information on deposit:
 Geology

 Geometry

 Geography

 Exploration
Information on general project
Economics:
 Markets
 Transportation
 Utilities
 Land and mineral rights
 Water
 Labor
 Governmental consideration
 Financing
Mining method selection:
 Physical control
 Selectivity
 Preproduction requirement
 Production requirement
Processing method:

 Mineralogy
 Alternative process
 Recoveries
 Plant layout
Capital and operating costs:
Capital cost:
 Exploration
 Mining
 Mill
Operating cost:
 Mining
 Labor
 Development
 Maintenance
 Mill
 Administration
 Overhead charges
 Irrecoverable social cost
 BANK FEASIBILITY REPORT:

 The FR prepared for getting finance for the project has to be

submitted to the bankers/financers ,that is called BANK FR.
 DPR
 Detailed project report gives all the break ups of the
feasibility report parameters…like cost of mining will be
given in FR ,but in DPR in the cost of mining category all the
break ups like cost for equipment,maintenance,wages…etc
everything will be there.

 At the end of the DPR , no reader should have doubts about

the project, everything should be explained.
SOURCES OF FUNDS

LECTURE 38
 Major source of funding is Government- state and central.
 Planning commission of Government of India allocates the
funds for mining projects.
 About 2/3 or 60% of mine funding is by government.
 Sources:
1)by government(CIL,NLC,NMDC,TAMIN,TANMAG..)
2)by private (ADANI,RELIENCE,GRANITE
COMPANIES...)
3)by government and private ( VEDANTA..)
4)FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)-up to 51%.
5) International funding ( world bank..)
6)Soft loans
- interest is very low(<1%)
- period of repayment of the money is higher.
7)Venture capital
funding by a sole entrepreneur.
8)Contract funding
mine the mineral and give the mineral to that country and return
the money.
example:NMDC- kudremukh is funded by IRAN.
9)SAP(Special assistance program)
IMPORT OF TECHNOLOGY

LECTURE 39
 developing countries: resource rich but capital and technology poor
 globalization of industry.

Methods of import technology:

 Non commercial
1. Technical literature
2. Exchange of information
3. Education and training
 Commercial
1)Employment of experts & consultancy arrangement
2)Import of machinery & equipment
3) foreign Direct investment (FDI) in the royalty, dividend
ASPECTS OF IMPORT OF TECHNOLOGY:
 Process technology
 Manufacturing technology ( path are easy to transplant and
operate)
 Sophisticated technology complete import of scientific base
essential for absorption
 Practice technology (mining) – difficult – technology
developed and then adopted to scientific studies / requirement.
Practice oriented – calls for a very dedicated and trained
workforce. Existing base is not wide enough for transportation –
difficult to replace existing practice (time and conditioning of the
mind) .

 CRUPP CONSULTANCY,GERMANY----- NLC.
 SIEMENS,GERMANY--- INPIT CRUSHING AND
CONVEYING,OCP-2,SCCL.
 BRITISH MINING COUNCIL(BMC)-MODERN
LONGWALL TECHNOLOGY,SCCL.
 CVN:COAL VIDHASH NIGAM
 MECON: METAL & ENERGY CONSULTANTS.
SELECTION OF CONTRACTS AND
CONTRACT MANAGEMENT
LECTURE 40
Contract :
“a contract is an agreement between two parties with
certain objectives.”
Contract may be between,
1) Management and Employees – ( Example: NCWA-
National Coal Wage Agreement)
2) Management and Government
3) Management and Financers- Asian Development Bank
4) Management and Equipment Suppliers- in terms of
guarantee and warranty.
5) Management and service provider - railways and
telecommunication providers.
OBJECTIVES OF GOOD CONTRACT:
 Clear in ToR (Terms of Reference).
 Clear objectives and responsibilities
 Promote harmonious relationship.
 Clearly spell out the obligations of each party.
 Build good working relationship.
 Mutual benefits
 Should tell the validity of agreement.
 Factors in Selecting Contract Types
 - Capability of seller’s accounting system

 - Uncertainty in the cost estimate

 - Type and complexity of requirements

 - Urgency

 - Marketplace and competition

 - Seller’s technical capability

 Administrative costs to both parties

Selection and Managing:
Selection is through.....
 NAMINATION
 TENDOR – global / local.
consider both technical and economic elements to select.
Managing contracts......
1) The other party should provide facilities like
communication ,housing, roads , water...to contract
people.
2) Penalty : if the agreed operations are not satisfied by other
party then penalty should be there.
TIME MANAGEMENT AND COST
CONTROL
LECTURE 41
 EFFECTIVE TIME MANAGEMENT

Time is valuable resource, democratically shared – all have 24 hrs,

you cannot buy time; you cannot board time – it flows. All you
can do is make the best use of the time available. PLAN TO
USE TIME Think and organize things in their order of
importance. Earmark a unit of time for day dreaming – plans
that are up in the air. This may be at any time of the day that
suits you and you are undisturbed.
CONT’D
 Set apart blocks of time for work; not little bits and pieces of
time interspersed with other activities. Never handle a paper
more than once – do not put it away for later reading.
Effective decisions are taken right away. The percentage of
errors / mistakes is no greater than if delay is made in
decision making. Act at once unless more information is
called for and the available is inadequate.
CONT’D
 For saving time in paperwork / communication
restrict it to the minimum. Prefer verbal communication
which is direct & immediate. Written orders / notes should
be clear, unambiguous, short, straight forward. Purpose &
objective should be clear in your mind before you write. Tone
and tenor should be positive and persuasive – avoid a torrid
tirade or temper.
CONT’D
 Meetings are phenomenal waste of most time if not
conducted properly. They should be well planned, purpose
oriented, agenda driven and to the point. They should be
useful and essential; start on time and not drag on. The
meeting should be kept in control by the executive who
convenes it and he should avoid becoming a protagonist in
the debate.
CONT’D
 An essential task an executive has to perform is decision
making. Quick decisions yield two benefits:
 You gain time
 You will have spare time available to correct an occasional
incorrect decision.

 If you do not control time , it will begin to control you.

CONT’D
 The best decision is of no use unless it works. Involve all
concerned right from the beginning; acquaint all with
the rationale & benefits flowing. Insist on subordinates
giving recommendations / solutions to problems – not
passing all the buck to all the time. They receive paining
in the art of decision making.
CONT’D
 Goals give a dimension to time and provide a framework
for the choices we must make and also help time
management / accountability. Focus on task and priorities.
It does not mean working longer or harder – it means
working more systematically. In the ultimate analysis it is
what we get and gain as results that is the bottom line in the
balance sheet.
Cost control:
COST CENTRES AND COST STRUCTURE
 Costs – their identification, measurement and
control – most worked business area .
 An enormous amount of work goes into cost control, an
enormous amount of time goes to cost analysis – there is no
lack of tools & technique. Focus on results is the best and
most effective cost control. Cost does not exist by itself, it is
always incurred.
Cont’d
 Several prerequisite in effective cost control:
 Concentration must centre on controlling costs where
they are incurred.
 Different costs must be treated differently
 One truly effective way to cut costs is to cut out an
activity altogether.
 “costs” is a term of economics. The cost system that need
to be analyzed is therefore the entire economic activity
which produces economic value.
Cont’d
 To be able to control costs a business therefore needs cost
analysis which:
 Identifies cost centers – areas where significant costs
incurred needs effective cost reduction
 Finds what the important cost points are in each major
cost centre.
 Looks at the entire business as one cost – stream.
 Define “cost” as what the customer pays rather than
a what the legal or two unit of accounting incurs.
 Classifies costs according to their basic characteristics and
thus produces a cost diagnosis
CONT’D
 Cost centers in the business and its economic process
are where it is really worth while to work on the control of
costs.
 Cost points are simply the few activities within a cost
centre that are responsible for the bulk of its costs.
Assumption is that a few activities will account for the bulk
of the costs.
 Cost categories:
 Major cost points fall into four main categories:
 Productive costs
 Support costs
 policing costs
 waste
Cont’d
 What to tackle, where to go to work, what to aim at –
should become part of all overall understanding of the
business and the comprehension program for making it
fully effective.
MATERIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

LECTURE 42
 MMS
 “Material management system involves identification ,
procurement , storage(inventory control) and distribution of
materials.”

 Key points:
- timely availability of materials/equipments
- spares control/inventory control
- capital locked in spares
 STAGES OF MMS
 Design stage

 Determination of requirements

 Procurement

 Receiving, storage and distribution

 Inventory control

 Disposal
Stages explained....
 Design stage:
Variety reduction, interchangeability, value engineering,
splitting standardization. Identify the ‘A’ item spares for reducing
the numbers of same type of item required. A,B,C analysis A:B:C
10/15 : 20/25 : 70/30 can be done by members, value, cost of
consumption, etc…
 Determination of requirements:
Engineering assessments, data bank, insurance spares, all time
buy.
 Procurement:
Catalogues & illustrated spare parts list, quality, warranty,
price increase, indigenization, manufacturing plans, make or buy,
contract protection for future supply
 Receiving , storage and distribution:
Inspection, testing, identification, handling
preservation

 Inventory control:
Safety stocks, spare bunk, forecasts, all time buy,
distribution, dynamics, consumption, control of items.

 Disposal:
Modification, substitution, reclamation.
Also known as………

 Selective inventory control

 Stock Keeping Units (SKUs)

 ABC ANALYSIS
 an inventory categorization technique.

 Classifies items based on the Annual UsageValue (AUV).

 AUV = Annual demand X Price., For Example .if 5 spares are needs per year and
the Price of each is Rs.20,000 then AUV=5x20,000=100000.

 When carrying out an ABC analysis, inventory items are valued (item cost multiplied by quantity
issued/consumed in period) with the results then ranked. The results are then grouped typically
into three bands. These bands are called ABC codes.

 The relationship between the percentage of items and the percentage of AUV follows
 a pattern
 A – about 20 % of items account for about 80 % of the AUV
 B - about 30 % of items account for about 15 % of the AUV
 C - about 50 % of items account for about 5 % of the AUV.
 It's basic assumption is that not all stock is equally valuable, therefore doesn't
need the same kind of attention.

 So you categorise all your stock according to its cost and quantity -
and create a graph with cost shown on Y axis and quantity shown on X.

 From left to right, you place your stock from highest value to lowest.

 Typically, you see that a small portion of stock is the most valuable, and
therefore needs maximum attention and resources - that's called 'A'.

 The next most valuable section of stock is B, the next is C

Items are classified into A, B or C category depending upon
their annual usage value
 DIFFERENT CONTROLS USED WITH
DIFFERENT CLASSES
 A Items: High priority – Tight control including complete
accurate records, regular and frequent review by
management, frequent review of demand forecast and close
follow-up and expediting to reduce lead time
 B Items: Medium priority – Normal Control
 C Items: Lowest priority – Simplest possible control.
Perhaps use a two-bin system or periodic review system.
Order larger quantities and carry sufficient safety stock
A grade items B grade items C grade items
High consumption value Moderate consumption value Low consumption value

High priority Moderate priority Low priority

Very strict control Moderate control Loose control

No/very low safety stocks Low safety stocks High safety stocks

Maximum follow up and Periodic follow up Follow up in exceptional cases

expediting

Frequent ordering and weekly Once in 3 months Bulk ordering once in 6 months
deliveries

Accurate forecasts in material Estimates based on past data Rough estimates on planning
planning

Must be handled by senior Can be handled by middle Can be fully delegated

officers management
STEPS IN MAKING AN ABC ANALYSIS
 1. Determine the annual usage for each item
 2. Calculate the AUV of each item
 3. List the items according to their AUV (descending order)
 4. Calculate the cumulative AUV and the cumulative
percentage of items
 5. Examine the annual usage distribution and group the items
into A, B, C based on percentage of AUV.
 DISADVANTAGES:

 Class C items are not necessarily “unimportant”

 Classification should also consider:

 Complexity of parts
 Criticality of parts
 Market conditions
 MIS AND QUALITY
ASSURANCE,SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
LECTURE 43.
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (MIS)

 “An MIS provides managers with information and support

for effective decision making, and provides feedback on
daily operations”
 MIS
 Systems concept: Assemblage of components which work together to
achieve goals. System is a set of interrelated elements, at least two,
relation between each and at least one other in the set.

 MIS is an information system which supports the decision making

functions of the managementt in an organization (an assemblage of
several systems: manufacture, personnel, marketing, business, etc..IS
and MIS are part of the data gathering system).

 Function of IS: Record, store, retrieve, process data and information.

The primary goal is to improve performance of the system.
 Components of IS: people and data with associated hardware and
software.
 Outputs of a
Management Information System
 Scheduled reports
 Produced periodically, or on a schedule (daily, weekly, monthly)
 Key-indicator report
 Summarizes the previous day’s critical activities
 Typically available at the beginning of each day
 Demand report
 Gives certain information at a manager’s request
 Exception report
 Automatically produced when a situation is unusual or requires
management action
 QUALITY ASSURANCE:

 activities include a planned system of review procedures

conducted by personnel not directly involved in the
inventory compilation/development process.

 Reviews, preferably by independent third parties, should be

performed upon a finalised inventory following the
implementation of QC(quality control) procedures.
 “a program for the systematic monitoring and evaluation of the
various aspects of a project, service, or facility to ensure that
standards of quality are being met.”

 emphasizes the prevention of defects and the addition of

quality.

 quality is determined by the intended users, clients or

customers, not by society in general.
 ASSURANCE OF QUALITY IN MINING
 Avoiding the dilution ore in the site .
 Blending : Mixing of different grades of ore to achieve required
grade.
 While transporting through conveyor employ people to identify
the waste visually and to remove using pickers.
 At the transfer points : Belt to belt , belt to hopper ,hopper to
dumper.
 At the dispatch point-at bunkers
 Do sampling to ensure the grade- Auto samplers/Laboratory
 With electromagnets system the iron rods or pieces coming with
ore is removed while conveying . (in belt conveyors.)
 Adopt Selective Mining.
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
ECONOMIC RESPONSIBILITIES
 The first criterion of social responsibility is economic
responsibility. The business institution is, above all, the
basic economic unit of society. Its responsibility is to produce
goods and services that a society wants and to maximise
profit for its owners and shareholders.
 The purely profit-maximizing view is no longer considered
an adequate criterion of performance in the world in general.
Treating economic gain in the social as the only social
responsibility can lead companies into trouble.
 LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES
 All modern societies lay down ground rules, laws and
regulations that businesses are expected to follow. Legal
responsibility defines what society deems as important
with respect to appropriate corporate behaviour.
 Businesses are expected to fulfil their economic goals within
the legal framework. Legal requirements are imposed by
local councils, state and central governments and their
regulating agencies
 Organizations that knowingly break the law are poor
performers in this category. Intentionally manufacturing
defective goods or billing a client for work not done is
illegal.
 ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES
 Ethical responsibility include behaviour that is not
necessarily codified into law and may not serve the
organization’s direct economic interests. To be ethical,
organization’s decision makers should act with equity,
fairness and impartiality, respect the rights of individuals, and
provide different treatments of individual only when
differences between them are relevant to the organization’s
goals and tasks.
 DISCRETIONARY RESPONSIBILITIES
 Discretionary responsibility is purely voluntary and
guided by an organization’s desire to make social
contributions not mandated by economics, laws or ethics.
Discretionary activities include generous philanthropic
contributions that offer no payback to the organization and
are not expected. Discretionary responsibility is the highest
criterion of social responsibility, because it goes beyond
societal expectations to contribute to the community’s
welfare.
MINE CLOSURE PLAN
LEGISLATION APPLICABLE TO
MINES IN INDIA

 MINES ACT 1952

 MINES & MINERAL DEVELOPMENT &

REGULATION 1957
 MINES ACT 1952
(Act no 35 of 1952)

An Act to amend & consolidate the law relating to the

regulation of labor and safety in mines.
Main rules made there under are:-
 Metalliferous mines Regulation
 Coal Mines Regulation
 Oil Mines Regulation
 Mines Rules
 Mines V.T. Rules etc.
 MINES & MINERAL DEVELOPMENT &
REGULATION 1957
(Act no 67 of 1957)
An act to provide for Development & regulation
of mines & minerals under the Control of the
Union
Main rules made there under are:-
 Mineral Concession Rules 1960
 Mineral Conservation & Development Rules
1988
 Mineral Conservation & Development
Rules 1988

In Exercise of power conferred under section 18 of the

MINES & MINERAL DEVELOPMENT & REGULATION
1957,
Central Government Made the rules for
Conservation & Development of minerals
 Applicability of
Mineral Conservation & Development Rules
1988

It shall be applicable all mineral

except :-
 Petroleum & Natural Gas
 Coal lignite & sand for stowing
 Any Mineral declared as prescribed substance for
the purpose of the Atomic Energy Act 1962
 Minor minerals
Scientific mining involves three basic
issues:
 In plain areas excavation from one end of the deposit
progressing to the other end and in hill areas working
from top downwards.

 Disturbing only minimum surface areas for envisaged

production.

 Simultaneous reclamation of already mined out areas or

effecting stability by restoration of the mined out area
while carrying out active productive phases in advance
areas.
Effect of Mining Activities
To cause changes in
 Physical
 Chemical
 Biological
 Socio-economic changes in the
characteristics of the area
Recent Amendments
 GSR 329 (E) – Mineral Concession
dated 10.4.2003 (Amendments) Rules

 GSR 329 (E) - Mineral Conservation &

dated 10.4.2003 Development (Amendment)
Rules, 2003

In the above amendments the concept of Mine

Closure Plan has been introduced.
Preparations of Mine Closure Plans
 The Mine Closure Plan is required to be prepared as
per the guidelines issued by the IBM

 Detailed guideline has been circulated by IBM

vide circular No.14/2003 dated 8.8.2003
Types of Mine Closure Plan

 As per Rule 23A of Mineral Conservation and

Development Rules 1988 every mine is required to
prepare two types of mine closure plans i.e.

i) ‘Progressive Mine Closure Plan’(PMCP) and

ii) ‘Final Mine Closure Plan’ (FMCP)
“Abandonment of Mine”

Means final closure of a mine either whole or

part thereof when the mineral deposits within
mine or part thereof, have been fully extracted
or when the mining operations have become
uneconomic.
 “Mine Closure”

means steps taken for reclamation, rehabilitation,

measures taken in respect of a mine or part
thereof commencing from cessation of mining or
processing operations in a mine or part thereof.
 “Progressive Mine Closure Plan”

means

A progressive plan, for the purpose of providing

protective, reclamation and rehabilitation .
 Measures in a mine or part thereof
that has been prepared in the matter specified in
the standard format and
 Guidelines issued by the Indian Bureau of
Mines.
“Final Mine Closure Plan”
means

A plan for the purpose of decommissioning,

reclamation and rehabilitation in the mine or part
thereof .
 After cessation of mining and mineral processing
operations
 That has been prepared in the manner specified
in the standard format and guidelines issued by
the Indian Bureau of Mines.
Submission of Mine Closure Plans

 In case of fresh grant or renewal of mining lease,

 It is required to submit the progressive mine closure

plan as a component of mining plan .

 The PMCP is an integral part of the mining plan in case

of fresh and renewal of mining lease cases, Final Mine
Closure Plan is a separate document.
In case of existing mining lease, the owner, agent,
manager or mining engineer is required to submit the
progressive mine closure plan to the Regional
Controller of Mines or officer authorized by the State
Government in this behalf within a period of 180
days from the commencement of the Mineral
Conservation & Development (Amendments) Rules,
2003 i.e. on before 10.10.2003.
The progressive mine closure plan is
required to be reviewed every five
years giving proposals of progressive
closure of mines for the next five
years.
In case of Final Mine Closure Plan. It is
required to submit the same one year
prior to the proposed closure of mine to
the Regional Controller of Mines or
officer authorized by the State
Government in this behalf.
PREPARATIONS OF
MINE CLOSURE PLANS
The mine closure plans is required to be
submitted as per guidelines issued by the Indian
Bureau of Mines.
These guidelines is circulated vide Circular
No. 14 / 2003.
1. Introduction

1.1 Brief introduction of the mine

1.2 Reasons for closure
1.3 Statutory obligations
1.4 Closure Plan Preparations
2. Mine description

2.1 Geology
2.2 Reserves
2.3 Mining Methods
2.4 Mineral Beneficiation
3. Review of Implementation of Mining Plan / Scheme
of Mining including five years Progressive Closure Plan
upto the final closure of mine.
4. Closure Plan

4.1 Mined out Land

4.2 Water Quality Management
4.3 Air Quality Management
4.4 Waste Management
4.5 Topsoil Management
4.6 Tailing Dam Management
4.7 Infrastructure
4.8 Disposal of Mining machinery
4.9 Safety & Security
4.10 Risk Analysis & Disaster
Management
4.11 Care & Maintenance during
temporary discontinuance
5. Economic Repercussions of Closure of mine
and manpower Retrenchments.
6. Time schedule for abandonment
7. Abandonment cost
8. Financial assurance
9. Certificates
10. Relevant Plans & Sections
Introduction
 In this chapter the following points are to require
to be covered.
 Brief introduction of the mine
 This may include the name of the applicant of mine
closure plan, his complete postal address including
fax, telephone, email address etc.; the location of
the mine for which the closure plan is prepared
indicating the complete postal address.
The details of lease area/s held under the mine indicating
the ownership of the lease, how much forest area is
involved, if any; how much area acquired for the lease
area, validity of lease period etc is required to be
described. The present land use pattern of the mine area
should also be discussed.
 A brief of method of mining &
mineral processing operations being
followed is required to be given. In
short this sub-chapter should give
first hand information about the
mine.
Reasons for closure

In this sub-chapter the reasons for closure of mining

operations are to be described. It should be made clear why
the mine is being closed. Reasons such as exhaustion of
mineral lack of demand, uneconomic operations, natural
calamity, directives from statutory organization or court etc. or
any other reasons should be specified.
Statutory obligations

 The legal obligations, if any for which the lessee

is bound to implement like special conditions
imposed.
 While execution of lease deed.
 While approval of mining plan.
 Directives issued by the IBM.
 Conditions imposed by the Ministry of
Environment & Forests, Government of India.
Statutory obligations-continued…
 State or Central Pollution Control Board.
 Conditions imposed by the Directorate of Mines
Safety or by any other organizations.
 Describing the nature of conditions and
compliance position thereof should be
indicated here.
 Wherever necessary the copies of relevant
documents may be attached as Annexure.
 Closure Plan Preparation
 Here the name and address of the applicant and
recognized qualified person who prepared the
Mine Closure Plan and the name of the executing
agency should be furnished. A copy of the
resolution of the board of Directors or any other
administrative authority authorizing the applicant
to submit the plan must be included.
Mine Description
This chapter is comprises of following four sub-chapters.

Geological Description

In this sub-chapter briefly describe the topography and

general geology indicating rocks types available, the chemical
constituents of the rocks /minerals including toxic elements if
any, in the mine site.
 Reserves and Resources available

Indicate here the mineral reserves/ resources available

category wise in the lease area estimated in the last Mining
Plan/Scheme of Mining approved along with the balance of
mineral reserves at the proposed mine closure including its
quality available.This is required to be given only in case of
FMCP.
 Mining Method

Describe in brief the mining method followed to win the

mineral extent of mechanization, mining machinery
deployed, production level etc.
 Mineral Beneficiation

Describe here in brief the mineral beneficiation practice being

used, if any indicating the process description in short.
Indicate here discharge details of any tailings / middling and
their disposal/ utilization practice being followed.
 Review Proposals proposed in the Mining Plan /
Scheme of Mining.
 Review of proposals for protection of environment
up to the closure of mine.
 Status of implementation of various proposals
including proposals of protection of environment
envisaged.
 The reasons for deviations from the proposals if any.
 Corrective measures taken for deviation in
implementation of proposals.
 CLOSURE PROPOSAL
Every progressive mine closure plan should have specific
closure proposal for ensuing five years in respect of-
 Mined Out Area
 Reclamation of Mined out area
 Planed waste management & stabilization of inactive dumps &
protective measures for its confinement
 Planned stacking of sub-grade mineral
 Planned plantation out-side UPL
 LAND USE DETAILS
1. MINED OUT LAND
 AREA ALREADY BROKEN UP
 AREA ALREADY BACK FILLED
 AREA ALREADY RECLAIMED
2. ADDITIONAL AREA PROPOSED TO BE
BROKEN UP
 ADITIONAL AREA PROPOSED TO BE BACK
FILLED
 ADDITIONAL AREA PROPOSED TO BE
RECLAIMED
 DUMPS (Waste dumps/sub-grade stacks)
1. Area occupied by dumps
2. Additional area to be covered by dumps
3. Dumps area/locations to be covered by protective
measures
 Construction of drainage channels
 Construction of retaining walls
 Plantation on finalized slopes
 Any other stabilization measures
 PLANTATION

 Area already covered under plantation

 Area proposed to be brought under
plantation in next five years
 CRITICAL ISSUES FOR
MINE CLOSURE

(Land, People, Security,

Documentation, infrastructure, Risk
Analysis,
Disaster Management)
 INTRODUCTION
The mine closure and decommissioning address various
issues namely
 Reclamation of affected areas,
 Environmental protection issues,
 Community development pursued and
 Emotional sustenance of the people
 Out of all these physical reclamation of excavated
areas and maintenance of physical standard of
effluents by continued treatment, besides
examination of commitment towards sustainability
of the mining areas for continued use of the mining
areas.
 Land
Residual Reclamation of mined out areas

Scientific mining involves three basic issues:

 In plain areas excavation from one end of the deposit
progressing to the other end and in hill areas working
from top downwards.
 Disturbing only minimum surface areas for envisaged
production
 Simultaneous reclamation of already mined out areas or
effecting stability by restoration of the mined out area
while carrying out active productive phases in advance
areas
 Stabilisation of remnant dump slopes

 Waste dumps generation are in layers of 10 mtrs. Height

concentrically advancing inwards.
 In mining phases lower layers should have got stabilized
living small portion to take care at closing stage.
 Weep holes and perforated pipes to be laid for drainage.
 Grow herbaceous plants, Bamboo, Besharam etc.
 Detail volume of work, time scheduling, financial
involvement.
 Take care of acid generating potential leaching potentiality,
toxicity, radio activeness and combustible substance in
dump ingredient.
 Aim for stable aesthetically balanced appearance.
 Top Soil Management

 Most top soils would be utilised during mining for

concurrent reclamation.
 Enrich top soil by treated sewerage sludge or soil
with high organic content.
 Make final profile with scrapper or haul truck and
grader. Spread over top soil of 0.3 m.
 Detail manpower, equipment, time schedule and
finance requirement.
 Generation of Vegetation Cover

 Different species commensurating with the climatic condition.

 Water resource availability and

 Matching with surrounding and primary requirement of the rapid

growth of the vegetation

 Planning in terms of preparation, species identification, time

framing. Monitoring, financial evolution for this purpose

 Vegetation cover is not the only method of rehabilitation of land.

Attempt rehabilitation by generating water resources, pisciculture,
picnic spots good for people around.

 Key areas are management of safety, maintenance and social use.

 Concern of the People at Closure.

 Fine tune the expectation and future involvement of people

in infrastructure, landscaping, recreational facilities of the
mine.
 Amalgamate expanding resources of local administration
and continued use of buildings, drainage, electrical
distribution, water supply line, educational facilities, health
programmes and community development resources.
 Dismantle, decommission, dispose off structures,
equipments, scraps, hazardous waste, reagents, chemicals
and such other items not required afterwards.
 Security of the Area

 With the stoppage of the production of the mining

project possible reduction in manpower concerning
security and vigilance may induce theft and vandalism.
Required fencing, closing, locking, moving away
potential valuable equipments with continuance of
essential guards should be planned till the management
of the area is handed over to the local authorities.
 Documentation

 As the heritage of the country requires history of the

mine with other details to be retained for future
reference either for the mining community or for the
social administration as may be required may be
prepared for continuity of the records for the heritage
and should be included in the final mine closure
document.
Infrastructure
 Existing facilities –
 Roads
 Railways
 Aerial ropeways
 conveyer belts
 Power lines
 Buildings & structures
 Water treatment plant
 Transport
 Water supply sources in the area etc.
Infrastructure-continued…
 If retained –
 measures for their physical stability
 and maintenance to be ensured

 If decommissioning proposed -
 dismantling and disposal of-
 Building structures
 Support facilities
 Electric transmission line
 Water line
 Gas pipeline
Infrastructure-continued…
 Water works
 Sewer line
 Underground tanks
 Transportation infrastructure e.g.
 Roads
 Rail
 Bridges
 Culverts etc
 Electrical Infrastructures Like
Electrical Cables,Transformers
Disposal of Mining Machinery

Decommissioning of mining machineries

Possible post mining utilization

Risk Analysis
Risk assessment is a common factor applicable
to all stages of a mine life cycle.
 Environmental Risk
 Safety and Health Risk
 Community and social Risk
 Final Land Use Risk
 Legal and Financial Risk
 Technical Risk
Sum total of such risk is known as Closure Risk Factor
 Risk factors-continued…
The risk factors judgment may require in terms of absolute
decision on the following factors.
1. Environmental objective in line with the best practice and
the company policy.
2. Sufficient funds to cover closure.
3. Employee entitlements.
4. Personnel to manage and to implement the closure process.
5. Approach of the community to the process.
6. Optimum resource extraction in line with the economic
model.
7. Public safety issues.
Different nature of the risk details to be
given
in the mine closure plan are as follows :
Environmental Risk in Water
Surface Water
Sedimentation
Chemical pollution
Drainage
Acid mine drainage (AMD)/heavy metals
Salinity Ground Water
Contamination
Drawdown
Environmental values (down stream use)
Agricultural
Drinking
Eco-system
In Air :
Greenhouse emission
Other emissions
Dust From Tailings:
Stock piles
Rehabilitated areas
Land system:
Close to the population center or main roads
Remote infrastructure
Buildings, equipments, camps
Roads
Stock piles, dumps, dams, sumps,
Soil :
Contamination
Erosion potential
Reshaping/earth work
Flora reshaping Simple
Complex
Rare/significant
Fauna reestablishment
Aquatic

Void Open
Back filled

Subsidence Exploration
Management/Monitoring
Wastes Dumps
Reshaping
Covers
Acid Mine drainage
Topography
Seismicity
Climate
Tailings
Acid mine drainage toxicity
Stability
Hazardous chemical including cyanide, fuels, lubricants
DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Planned for high risk accidents like

 Subsidence,
 Landslides,
 Inundation,
 Fire,
 Earthquake,
 Tailing dam failures etc.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT-
Continued…

Also includes action plan for

unplanned discontinuance of mining operations
for maintaining status of mine to be reopened in
future days. Such precautionary measures to be
taken at that point and to remain in surveillance so
that failure of slopes or any incident as indicated to
be high risk incident to be reported for initiating
action on disaster management action plan.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT-
Continued…

Disaster management plan should include:

 Different activities to be taken up
immediately either simultaneously or in series
of actions.
 Responsibilities to be earmarked for
particular officers and resources to be indicated
to be drawn meeting emergency situation.
 Assistance from local civic bodies are to be
recognized to be initiated during the period for
successful management.
 Overall supervision by control room
manned by specific responsible authorities.
 FINANCIAL ASSURANCE
 Financial assurance is the financial surety to be furnished by the
lessee to the Regional Controller of Mines or to the officer
authorized by the State Govt. as the case may be so as to
indemnify the authority in the form guarantee by bank or any
other financial institutions. The amount of surety to be
deposited should be computed based on the area put to use for
mining and allied activities. It should be estimated 5 years
progressively basis on the basis of conceptual plan submitted
with an addition of area to be excavated during five year period
minus the area already rehabilited. The financial guarantee
given should be irrevocable and encashable when needed.
 FINANCIAL ASSURANCE(Contd.)
 Area put to use for mining and allied activities may be
as follows:
 Areas to be excavated, storage for top soil, overburden dump,
minerarl storage, infrastructure (road, railway, workshop
etc.) green belt, tailing pond, effluent treatment plant,
mineral processing plant, township, others (to specify). The
estimation should be carried out as follows:
 A category mines – Rs.25000 per hectare to the minimum of
Rs.2 lakhs.
 B category mines - Rs.15000 per hectare to the minimum of
Rs.1 lakh.
 FINANCIAL ASSURANCE (Contd.)
 The financial assurance/guarantee as per rule should be
submitted in any of the following forms or in combination
of them.
 Letter of credit from any schedule bank.
 Performance or surety bond
 Trust fund
 Any other form of security/guarantees
acceptable to the authorities
 FINANCIAL ASSURANCE (Contd.)
 Letter of credit is an agreement between financial institutions
and a company authorizing the bank to pay funds to a third
party .

 Trust fund : Such type of trust fund probably has not yet been
established. However, if any guarantee given from such trusts so
established for the purpose, that may be acceptable.

 Any other form of security/guarantee: In the form of mortgage

of the property by the applicant or by a third party or any other
form as acceptable by the competent authority i.e. N.S.C., Fixed
Deposit, infrastructure bondsetc.
 FINANCIAL ASSURANCE (Contd.)

CLAUSE OF AGREEMENT
 The clause of agreement should be

such that guarantee given should be

irrevocable and encashable when
needed.
 CERTIFICATE
 “The mine closure plan completes all statutory rules,
regulations, orders made by the central or state govt.,
statutory organizations, court etc. has been taken into
consideration and wherever specific permission is required
the concerned authorities will be approached. I also give an
undertaking to the effect that all measures proposed in this
closure plan will be implemented in a time bound manner”.
 DOCUMENTATION
 The report should be concise and may be written in clear
and simple language. Calculation details , analysis reports,
and other data should be attached as
appendices/annexures. Only results and summarized
statistics are to be presented in the body of the text.
Closure plan should be first submitted in draft form( two
copies) to the Regional Controller of Mines and finally it
has to be submitted in five copies for approval.
 PLANS, SECTIONS ,ETC.
 The closure plan should be supplemented with all the
plans, sections, sketches/ drawings required for
implementation of rehabilitation work as envisaged
under various chapters of the guidelines of Mine Closure
Plan already circulated. In addition to the requisite plans
and sections where possible photographs of the sites,
satellite images etc., may also be provided.
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
 ENVIRONMENT
 Environment may be defined differently depending
upon the perspective of the definer.
 In the case of EIA, environment is usually considered to constitute
three main subsystems:
1. Physical Environment (geology, topology, climate, water, air).
2. Biological Environment (terrestrial and aquatic communities,
rare and endangered species, sensitive habitats, significant natural
sites).
3. Socio-cultural Environment (population, land use, development
activities, goods and services, public health, recreation, cultural
properties, customs, aspirations).
 IMPACT

 Impact may be defined as the consequences of

changes in the environment but it should not be confused
with effect.
 For example, increase in river pollution due to the initiation
of a new project is an effect while consequences of river
pollution on human health, flora, fauna, etc. is the impact.
 ASSESSMENT

 Assessment normally does not mean doing new

science, but rather assembling, summarizing, organizing
and interpreting pieces of existing knowledge, and
communicating them so that an intelligent but inexpert
policymaker will find them relevant and helpful in their
deliberations
 EIA

 "the systematic process of identifying future consequences of

a current or proposed action (IAIA).”

 EIA is both an art and a science. Management aspect in EIA is

an art, whereas the technical analysis is based on the scientific
principles.
 EIA DEFINITION:
 The “systematic identification and evaluation of the
potential impacts of proposed projects plans,
programmes or legislative actions relative to the
physical – chemical, biological, cultural and
socioeconomic components of the total
environment” .

 The objective of EIA is to foresee and address potential

environmental problems/concerns at an early stage of
project planning and design.
ASSESSMENTS.
 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF EIA
CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES.

 The immediate aim of EIA is to inform the process of

decision-making by identifying the potentially significant
environmental effects and risks of development proposals.

• The ultimate (long term) aim of EIA is to promote sustainable

development by ensuring that development proposals do not
undermine critical resource and ecological functions or the
well being, lifestyle and livelihood of the communities and
peoples who depend on them.
 THE EIGHT STEPS OF THE EIA PROCESS
 1) Screening: First stage of EIA, which determines whether the proposed
project, requires an EIA and if it requires EIA, then the level of assessment required.

 2) Scoping: This stage identifies the key issues and impact that should be
further investigated. This stage also defines the boundary and time limit of the study.

 3) Impact analysis: This stage of EIA identifies and predicts likely

environmental and social impact of the proposed project and evaluates the significance.

 4) Mitigation: This step in EIA recommends the actions to reduce and avoid
the potential adverse environmental consequences of development activities.
 5) Reporting: This stage presents the result of EIA in a form of a
report to
the decision-making body and other interested parties.

 6) Review of EIA: It examines the adequacy and effectiveness of the

EIA
report and provides information necessary for the decision-making.

 7) Decision-making: It decides whether the project is rejected,

approved or needs further change.

 8) Post monitoring: This stage comes into play once the project is
commissioned. It checks whether the impacts of the project do not exceed
the legal standards and implementation of the mitigation measures are in
the manner as described in the EIA report.
LAND USE :
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MATRIX:
 impact parameters are taken in the vertical column
 mining operations that are involved are taken in the horizontal
row.
 ratings are assigned to each of these topics in numerical values
 values for impact assessment ranging from 1 to 5
 Positive or negative signs are assigned to these score values to
denote beneficial or adverse effects.
 product of the weightage points with the arithmetical sum of the
values of magnitude of impact will give individual score for each
of the environmental topics.
 The cumulative score indicates the overall impact.
SCORE VALUES FOR IMPACT
ASSESSMENT:

 Minimum : 1
 Small : 2
 Moderate : 3
 Significant : 4
 Severe : 5

(+) sign shows Beneficial

(-) sign shows Adverse
SIGNIFICANCE OF SCORE VALUES:
 Upto – 1000 :No appreciable impact on environment – Only
minor remedial measures may be necessary.
 -1001 to -2000 :appreciable but reversible impact on
environment mitigation measures should be taken.
 -2001 to -3000 :Significant impact on environment, mostly
reversible-environment control measures are very important.
 -3001 to -4000 :Major injurious impact, slightly irreversible
major environmental control measures are crucial.
 -4001 to -5000 :Severe injuries impact, mostly irreversible
large scale environmental protection measures with slight
modification in mining scheme is required.
 -5001 & above :Permanent irreversible impact, mining
environmentally not feasible-entire mining scheme to be revised.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MATRIX:
 ALONG VERTICAL COLUM
1. LAND
 1. ALR : Alteration in Relief
 2. SOE : Soil Erosion
 3. DEF : Deforestation
 4. LUS : Existing Land Use
 5. LSL : Land Slides & Vibrations
 6. AST : Aesthetic Beauty
 7. SEA : Sensitive Areas like Mountains,Sancturies,Monuments,etc
 8. FLY : Generation of Fly Rocks and Fall of Scree
2. WATER
 1. SUR : Surface water
 2. TOX : Toxic Substances
 3. SOL : Suspended Solids
 4. GRD : Groundwater Quality
 5. RES : Water Resources
 a. SUR : Surface Water
 b. GRD : Groundwater
 c. AQL : Effect on Aquatic Life
3. AIR
 DUS : Emission of Dust
 NOX : Generation of Noxious Gases
4. NOISE
 HAB : Nuisance to Inhabitants
 WLF : Scaring of Wild Life
5. HUMAN ENV Human Environment
 ECO : Effect of Economy
 INF : Infrastructural & Service Facilities
 CUL : Cultural & Recreational Facilities
 HEL : Health Conditions
 POD : Population Density
6. ECO-SYST Eco System
 WLF : Wild Life Protection
 RSP : Rare and Endangered Flora and Fauna
 FCH : Effect on Food Chain
 MCR : Effect on Micro Organisms
ALONG HORIZONTAL AXIS:
 ITEM & PTS : Item and its Importance Points
 EXV : Mineral Excavation
 D&B : Drilling & Blasting
 L&T : Loading & Transport
 SOW : Solid Waste Disposal
 LEF : Liquid Effluents
 GEF : Gaseous Effluents
 SRF : Service Facilities
 BLD : Building Constructions
 CPL : Crushing/Processing Plant
 DAM : Construction of Tailing Dams and Impoundments
 EGY : Energy Generation
 ACC : Accidents
 WRY : Waste Recycling
 TOL : Total Score of Points.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
PROGRAMME(EMP).
EMP:
 An Environment Management Programme (EMP) along with
the risk mitigation measures are the results of an
environmental impact assessment (EIA) report.

 A properly carried out EIA will thus mean a clear, relevant

and effective EMP. Significant adverse impacts which need to
be addressed by the EMP and require mitigation are for:
• Provision for compensatory afforestation
• Reclamation of Land
• Measures to control air, water and noise pollution
• Human Rehabilitation
Compensatory Afforestation:
 As per the norms of the MoEF, when forest lands are used for
non-forestry purposes, adequate compensatory afforestation
is required.
 Compensatory afforestation is to be raised over an area
equivalent to the diverted area.
 When non-forest lands are not available, it should be raised
over degraded forests twice in extent to the area being
diverted.
Land Reclamation:

 Quarry area is proposed to be stabilized by stagewise

vegetation plantation.
Mitigation for air pollution control:
 Measures are taken towards arresting the generation of dust
and its spread. It includes,
 water spraying on surface at blasting site,
 development of green belts,
 stabilization of overburden dumps.
Noise pollution
 use of silencers/mufflers and
 plantation of green belts.
Rehabilitation of displaced persons:
 The required provisions include
 land compensation,
 shifting allowance,
 development of alternative land
 Now, since the EMP report is also a part of the EIA report,
even the EMP faces the same fate as the EIA report. It is
therefore advisable that the EIA agency make two separate
reports – one for EIA and one for EMP.
ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE
 Gazette of India provides the guidelines.
 For the purpose of environment clearance ,mines are
classified as A and B. The B class is subdivided into two classes
as B1,B2.
 All mines under A- group : comes under “Ministry of
Environment and Forest (MoEF),DELHI.(CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT)
 All mines under B-group : comes under “state pollution
control board(SPCB)”,GUINDY (IN TAMIL NADU).
Project Categorization
Category Conditions Authority

A 1) All Mines of Area > 50 hectors. Central Government in the Ministry

of Environment and Forests
(MoEF)
2) Mines located within 10 km of
the border between two states.

B All mines of area : 5-50 hectors. State/Union territory Environment

Impact Assessment Authority
(SEIAA).
Project Categorization
 Category A: require prior environmental clearance from
the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment
and Forests (MoEF) on the recommendations of an Expert
Appraisal Committee (EAC) to be constituted by the Central
Government for the purposes of this notification.
 Category B: prior environmental clearance
from the State/Union territory Environment Impact
Assessment Authority (SEIAA).
P
 If a project falls in Category ‘B’, the project goes to state
government for clearance which further categories it as
either B1 or B2 project.
 B2 projects do not require preparation of EIA
reports. For obvious reasons, the EC process for new
projects is different (and more detailed) than for existing
projects.
Environmental Clearance
 The environmental clearance process for new projects
comprise a maximum of four stages.
 1. Screening
 2. Scoping
 3. Public Consultation
 4. Appraisal
Stage 1: Screening
 This stage entails the scrutiny of the application seeking prior
environmental clearance made in Form 1 by the concerned State level
Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) for determining whether or not
the project or activity requires further environmental studies for
preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
 This stage is primarily to differentiate between projects belonging to
Category ‘B’ which are to be cleared by the State Level Environmental
Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA).
 Those projects requiring an Environmental Impact Assessment report
are termed Category ‘B1’ and remaining projects are termed Category
‘B2’ and do not require an Environment Impact Assessment report.
 For categorization of projects into B1 or B2, the Ministry of
Environment and Forests (MoEF) is supposed to issue appropriate
guidelines from time to time.
 Stage 2: Scoping
 process by which,
 the Expert Appraisal Committee(EAC) in the case of Category ‘A’
projects or activities, and
 State level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) in the case of
Category ‘B1’ projects or activities
determine detailed and comprehensive
Terms of References (ToRs) addressing all the relevant
environmental concerns for the preparation of the EIA report.
 It is that step which determines the various aspects that need
to be studied in the EIA report.
 The ToR have to be conveyed to the applicant within
60 days of the receipt of Form 1.
 The approved ToR have to be made public.
Stage 3: Public Consultation
 process by which the concerns of local affected persons and others
who have plausible stake in the environmental impacts of the
project or activity are ascertained.

 All Category ‘A’ and Category ‘B1’ projects or activities are to

undergo Public Hearing.

 B2 IS EXEMPTED FROM PUBLIC HEARING.

 The public hearing has to be completed within a period of 45

days from date of receipt of the request letter from the Applicant.
Following is an eye-witness account of a Public Hearing for the Nalwa
Sponge Iron Limited (LSIL)’s expansion project in Chhatisgarh, by Kanchi Kohli5,
which speaks for itself.
Stage 4: Appraisal
 the detailed scrutiny by the Expert Appraisal Committee or
State Level Expert Appraisal Committee of the application
and other documents submitted by the applicant for grant of
environmental clearance.
Validity of EC
 Following is the validity time period for various projects:
• Maximum 30 years for mining projects
• 10 years for River valley projects
• 5 years for all other projects
 The Validity can be extended to another 5 years by
submitting an application in Form - 1 while within the
validity period.
QUESTIONS?