Gauss's theorem

Divergence theorem
 Previous knowledge
O The theorem was originally discovered by Joseph
Louis Lagrange in 1762, and independently by
Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1813, by
George Green in 1825 and in 1831 by
Mikhail Vasilievich
Ostrogradsky, who also gave the first proof of
the theorem. Subsequently, variations divergence theorem
known as Gauss theorem, Green's theorem, and Theorem
Ostrogradsky.
O Divergence: The divergence of a vector
field measures the difference
between the outflow and
inflow of a vector field on the
surface surrounding a volume control, so if
the field has "sources" the divergence will
be positive and "sinks" the divergence will
be negative.
O Sinks.- sumideros
 ¿What is it?
O In vector calculus, the divergence
theorem, also known as Gauss's
theorem or Ostrogradsky's
theorem, is a result that relates the
flow of a vector field through a
surface to the behavior of the vector
field inside the surface.
 The divergence
theorem can be used to
calculate a flux through
a closed surface
that fully encloses a
volume, like any of the
surfaces on the left. It
can not directly be
used to calculate the
flux through surfaces
with boundaries, like
those on the right.
(Surfaces are blue, boundaries
are red.)
Let M,N, and R be functions of three variables x, y
and z, and suppose that they have first three
continuous partial derivatives in a open ball B of
R^3.
Let S a closed surface and piecewise smooth
contained in B, and let E the region bounded by S. If
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑅 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑘
and N is a unit outward normal vector of S, then

඾ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑁 𝑑𝜎 = ම 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹 𝑑𝑉
𝑠 𝐸
O This theorem states that
the flow F through the
boundary S of a region E
3
of R is a triple integral of
the divergence of F on E.
 Proof of Gauss’s Theorem
We first consider the case where the region S is x-
simple, y-simple, and z-simple. It will be sufficient to
show that

𝜕𝑀
ඵ 𝑀 cos 𝛼 𝑑𝑆 = ම 𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁
ඵ 𝑁 cos 𝛽 𝑑𝑆 = ම 𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑃
ඵ 𝑃 cos 𝛾 𝑑𝑆 = ම 𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑧
 Since these demonstrations are
similar, we show only the
third.
Since S is z-simple, it can be
described by the inequalities f1(x,y) ≤ z
≤ f2(x,y).
O As in Figure 2, ∂S consist
of three parts: S1,
corresponding to z =
f1(x,y); S2, corresponding
to z = f2(x,y); and the
lateral surface S3, which
may be empty. On S3,
cosγ = cos90°= 0, so we
can ignore its contribution
 We can deduce that

‫ 𝑃 ׭‬cos 𝛾 𝑑𝑆 = ‫𝑥 𝑃 ׭‬, 𝑦, 𝑓2 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

The result to which we just referred
assumes that the normal n points upward.
Hence, when we apply it to S1, where n is
a lower normal (Figure 2), we must
reverse the sign.
 ඵ 𝑃 cos 𝛾 𝑑𝑆 = − ඵ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦))𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

It follows that

ඵ 𝑃 cos 𝛾 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑓2 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝜕𝑃
=ඵ න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑃
=ම 𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑧
 The result just proved extends
easily to regions that are finite
unions of the type considered. We
omit the details
 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = (𝐹1 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 , 𝐹2 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 , 𝐹3 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 )
𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐵, 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑆
𝑆1
඾ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑆
𝑆5 𝑆 𝑆

𝑆6 𝑆2

6
𝑆4 ඾ 𝐹𝑑𝑆 = ෍ ඾ 𝐹𝑑𝑆𝑖
𝑆3 𝑖=1 𝑆𝑖
𝑆
 Example 1
Let Q the solid region bounded by the coordinate planes and
the plane:
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6
in the vectorial field
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑥, 𝑦 2 , 𝑧
𝑧 𝐸= 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ȁ0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3,0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3 − 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 6 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦

0,0,6 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
𝛻 ∙ 𝐹Ԧ = , ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑆4 𝑆1
𝑆2 3 3−𝑥 6−𝑥−2𝑦
3,0,0 0,3,0 63
නන න (2 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑆3 𝑦 2
0 0 0
 Example 2
O The paraboliod and the plane
2 2
Sቊ 𝑧 = 4 − 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑧=0
O Vectorial Field
𝐹Ԧ = 2𝑧, 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑧
𝐸= 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ȁ0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ; 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐷
0,0,2

𝑆4 𝑆1 4−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

𝑆2 ඵ න 0𝑑𝑧𝑑𝐴 = 0
2,0,0 𝐷 0
0,2,0
𝑥 𝑆3 𝑦
 Example 3
Use the Gauss’s Theorem to calculate the flux of F
across the boundary of S, where
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧 3 + 𝑥 𝑘෠
and S is the region
𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 < 𝑦 2 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 1 , y ≥ 0.

We need to use spherical coordinates, whit the role of

z and y interchanged and maintaining a right handed
system:

𝑥 = 𝜌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙, 𝑧 = 𝜌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

So the región S becomes

0≤𝜌≤1

𝜋
0≤𝜙≤
4

0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
For the differential of this transformation we use
the Jacobian

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝐽 = 𝜌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0 −𝜌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −𝜌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝐽 = 𝜌2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
Thus

𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑭 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2

𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑭 = 𝜌2

The flux of F across S is

𝜋
4 2𝜋 1
3න න න 𝜌2 𝜌2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
0 0 0
 𝜋
2𝜋 1
4 6𝜋 2 − 2
3න න න 𝜌2 𝜌2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙 =
0 0 0 5 2