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A molecules
Deriving rates of reactions:
you must first determine the
concentration of the reactant at
different intervals of time
• Instantaneous rate
Reactant concentration is – a specific rate at a
proportional to the reaction rate... particular moment in
time
• Average rate – If temperature is the
– the mean rate of same and the initial
change in the concentration of the
reactant used in the
concentration of the reaction is the same,
reactant over the the rate will always be
whole duration of the the same at that
reaction moment in time every
time you perform the
- ΔA/Δt reaction
Instanteous Rate
rate is directly proportional to Br2
concentration...
Br2 ( aq ) HCOOH ( aq ) 2 Br ( aq ) 2H ( aq ) CO2 ( g )
rate α Br2
to make proportionality into
an equation (), we must
provide a constant
rate kBr2
rate constant (k)
• a constant of
proportionality between reaction
the reaction rate and the time (s) Br2 M
rate (M/s)
concentration of reactant.
• plot the data in a graph: 0.0 0.0120 4.2 x 10^-5
rate vs. Br2 concentration
• Is it a straight line or 50.0 0.0101 3.52 x 10^-5
a curved line?
The fact that the graph 100.0 0.00846 2.96 x 10^-5
is a straight line shows
that the rate is directly
proportional to 150.0 0.00710 2.49 x 10^-5
concentration.
units for rate constant
• Because reaction rate has the units M/s,
and Br2 is in M, the unit of k is...
1/s or s^-1
• k is not affected by the concentration of
Br2.
• To be sure, the rate is greater at a higher
concentration and smaller at a lower
concentration of Br2, but the ratio of
rate/Br2 remains the same provided the
temp. remains constant.
Find the rate constant for the
following reaction
Br2 ( aq ) HCOOH ( aq ) 2 Br ( aq ) 2H ( aq ) CO2 ( g )
reaction
k = rate/Br2 time (s) Br2 M
rate (M/s)
constant
100.0 0.00846 2.96 x 10^-5
1 A B
rate or rate
2 t t
THE RULE:
take the reciprocal of every product's coefficient and
every negative reciprocal of every reactant's coefficient
FOR EXAMPLE
3O2 ( g ) 2O3( g )
1 O2 1 O3
rate
3 t 2 t
YOUR TURN...
Write the rate expressions for these
following reactions in terms of
disappearance of reactants and
appearance of products...
4NH 3(g) 5O 2(g) 4 NO (g) 6H 2 O (g)
1 NO 1 NO2
NO2
2 t 2 t 0.066 M
_ 1 1 NO2
0.066 s
M
s
t
2 2 t
2NO + O → 2NO 2 2
1 N 2 1 H 2 1 NH 3
1 t 3 t 2 t
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Molecular hydrogen reacts at a rate of 0.074 M/s
H 2 -
• At what rate is 0.074 Ms
ammonia being formed? t GIVEN
1 N 2 1 H 2 1 NH 3
1 t 3 t 2 t
1 H 2 1 NH 3 2 NH
_ 0.074 M
3
3 t 2 t 3
s
t
_ 1 1 NH 3
0.074 s NH 3
0.049 s
M
M
3 2 t
t
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Molecular hydrogen reacts at a rate of 0.074 M/s
H 2 -
• At what rate is molecular 0.074 Ms
nitrogen reacting? t GIVEN
1 N 2 1 H 2 1 NH 3
1 t 3 t 2 t
1 H 2 1 N 2 1 N 2
- (1) 0.074 s
M
3 t 1 t 3 t
1 1 N 2
0.074 s
M
N
3 1 t 0.025 M
2
s
t
HERE ARE YOUR TESTS