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Types
Stem
Cells?
Vitals?
Asymmetrical
cell division
Learning Outcomes
Mutation
• --A change in the genetic material (molecular level)
Mutant
--an organism that exhibits a novel phenotype
Failure of
Mutation DNA Damage
Repair System
The Molecular Basis of Mutation
Py
A:T
.
C:G
Pu
C:T
T:G.
Hydrolysis of cytosine to a
hydrate may cause mis-
pairing during replication
Cross-linking of adjacent
thymine forms thymidine
dimers, which block DNA
replication and activate
DNA repair mechanisms.
UV-A 320 to 400 nm
UV-B/C <300 nm
Types of Chemical Mutagens
Chromatin remodeling==Epigenetics
Mutation: Basic Features of the Process
Enzymatic correction
of errors in DNA
structure and
sequence that protects
genetic information
against environmental
damage and
replication errors.
Types of DNA Repair
Based on Errors
3. SOS
2. Repair
1. Direct Excision Error Prone
Repair Repair
Error Free
Types of DNA Damage Summarised
G A T C
ss Break
AP site
Covalent X-linking
Thymidine dimer
Direct Repair
NO NEW DNA IS REQUIRED