Chapter 3:

Chemical Formulae and

Equations

1
 electron Proton Neutron
e p n
charge -1.6 x 10 -19 +1.6x10-19 0
(q)
Relative -1 +1 0
charge
mass(g) 9.1x10-28 1.67X10-24 1.67X10-24

mass(amu) 0.00055 u 1.007825 u 1.008665 u

Relative mass 0.0005 1.0007 1.0086

(0) (1) (1)

Mass of a Hidrogen atom atom = Mass 1 proton + mass of 1 electron

= 1.67X10-24 + 9.1x10-28 = 1.67x10-24g

or equal to, 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 0017 g
2
Mass of a methane molecule, CH4 =

0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 022 4 g

2.24 x 10-23g

3
In practice, chemist do not
use these actual masses of
atoms and molecules in their
calculations. They use
relative masses instead.

When chemist first started

comparing masses of different
atoms, they compared each of
them with the mass of one
hydrogen atom.

4
3.1 Relative Atomic Mass and Relative
Molecular Mass
• Concept:
We can determine the mass of an atom relative
to a standard atom.

helium Hydrogen as
atom standard
atom

A Helium atom is 4 times heavier compare to a hydrogen atom.

Helium is said to have relative atomic mass of 4

5
 H H
X
X H H

Relative atomic mass of X = 2 What does it mean?

The mass of a X atom

2
=
The mass of a hydrogen atom

The mass of one X atom = The mass of 2 hydrogen atoms

An X atom is 2 times heavier than a hydrogen atom

6
 Li H H H
Li H H H H

Relative atomic mass of lithium = 7

The mass of a lithium atom

= 7
The mass of a hydrogen atom

The mass of a lithium atom = The mass of 7 hydrogen atoms

7
 C
C

Relative atomic mass of carbon = 12

The mass of a carbon atom

12
=
The mass of a hydrogen atom

The mass of a carbon atom = The mass of 12 hydrogen atoms or

12 x the mass of a Hydrogen atom

The mass of one hydrogen atom = 1 of the mass one 12 C atom.

12
8
 In 1991, chemists agreed to
compare the masses of atoms
with the mass of a carbon
atom . Carbon consists of
more than one isotope.
Carbon-12 was chosen since
the isotope has the highest
relative abundance among
carbon isotopes.

9
• Standard atom
1. hydrogen
✄ not use any more
2. Oxygen because gasseous form are
difficult to handle

3. carbon-12
• Solid in room temperature (easy to handle)
• Easily available (present in many org. subs.)
• Also used as standard for mass spectrometer

10
• Relative atomic mass, Ar
- of an element is the average mass of one
atom of the element when compared with
1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12

Relative atomic mass of an element

= The average mass of one atom of an element
1/12 x the mass of an atom of carbon -12

11
• Relative molecular mass, Mr
- of a molecule is the average mass of the
molecule when compared with 1/12 of the
mass of an atom of carbon-12

Relative molecular mass of an element

= The average mass of one molecule
1/12 x the mass of an atom of carbon -12

12
 Important!!!!
Relative mass does not
have any unit

13
Numerical problems
A. About Relative Atomic Mass
1. How many times is copper atom heavier than
two helium atom?
Solution:
Mass of a copper atom = Ar of copper
Mass of 2 helium atom 2 x Ar of helium
= 64
2x4
= 8 times

14
2. How many magnesium atom have the same
mass as two silver atoms ?
Solution:
Lets the number of magnesium atoms = n
Mass of n magnesium atoms = mass of 2 silver

atoms
So,
n x Ar of magnesium = 2 x Ar of silver
n x 24 = 2 x 108
n = 2 x 108
24
=9

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Do it Yourself 3.1
1. How many times is one atom of silicon
heavier than one atom of lithium?
2. Calculate the number of atoms of
lithium that have the same mass as
two atoms of nitrogen.
3. The mass of one atom Y is 4 times
larger than the mass of one nitrogen
atom. Calculate the relative atomic
mass of Y.

16
Do it Yourself…answer
1. How many times is one atom of silicon heavier than one atom of lithium
Mass of a silicon atom = Ar of silicon
Mass of a lithium atom Ar of lithium
= 28
7
= 4 times
2. Calculate the number of atoms of lithium that have the same mass as two
atoms of nitrogen
Lets the number of lithium atoms = n
Mass of n lithium atoms = mass of 2 nitrogen atoms
So, n x Ar of lithium = 2 x Ar of nitrogen
nx7 = 2 x 14
n = 2 x 14
7
=4

3. The mass of one atom Y is 4 times larger than the mass of one nitrogen atom .
Calculate the relative atomic mass of Y.

Mass of atom Y = 4 x mass of a nitrogen atom

Ar of Y = 4 x 14
= 56

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B. About Relative Molecular Mass
• To determine Relative Molecular Mass, Mr

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• Relative formula mass is used to replace Mr for ionic
substances

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Do it Yourself 3.2
1. Calculate the relative molecular mass of

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Do it Yourself 3.2
2. Calculate relative formula mass of

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Do it Yourself 3.2…answer

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Do it Yourself 3.2…answer

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24
 12 marbles

A pair of shoes = 1 dozen of marbles

24 marbles = 2 dozen of marbles

2 pairs of penguins

A couple

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 1 ream of paper = 500 pieces

5 dozen eggs
= 60 eggs

1 gross of pencil = 144 pencils

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3.2 The Mole and the
Number of Particles
 Definition of mole
The word ‘pair’ and ‘dozen’ represent a
fixed number of objects.

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 24 g of magnesium contain as many as
602000000000000000000000 magnesium atoms

or 50100000000000000000000 dozen of magnesium

atoms

or 4180000000000000000000 gross of magnesium

atoms

 The quantity of atoms for an element is

expressed in mole.
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NOT THIS MOLE !!!! 29
 In chemistry, we use the unit ‘mole’ to
measure the amount of substance. The
symbol of mole is mol.
 1 mol of substance = the number of
particles in 12 g of carbon-12.
= 6.02 x 1023 particles.

The value of 6.02 x 1023 is called as the

Avogadro constant (NA). 30
Chemists use the unit of a mole to group atoms, molecules, or
other things into workable units. If you have a mole of
something, it means that you have
602,204,500,000,000,000,000,000 of it. To make it easier to
write, we usually use scientific notation and say that we have
6.022 x 1023 things.

The reason why this strange unit

was chosen is historical, but as
a consequence, the mole concept
makes our life much easier by
simplifying complex calculations.
The number, 6.022 x 1023, is also
known as Avogadro’s number to
honour Amedeo Avogadro for his
work in physical chemistry.
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 DEFINITION

1 mole of substance is the quantity of the

substance that contain
the same number of particles
as the quantity of
atoms in exactly 12.00g Carbon,
(12.00g of carbon consists of 6.02 X 1023 atoms)

The unit for Avogadro number (NA) is mol

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 So,
1 mole of Mg contains 6.02 x 1023 of Mg atoms
0.5 mole of Mg contains 0.5 X 6.02 x 1023 of Mg atoms

0.2 mole of Mg contains 0.2 X 6.02 x 1023 of Mg atoms

0.0001 mole of Mg contains

= 0.0001 X 6.02 x 1023
= 6.02 X 1019 of Mg atom

n mole of Mg contains n x 6.02 x 1023 of Mg atoms

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  To determine the number of moles or the
number of particles:

Number of particles = Number of moles x 6.02 x 1023

Number of particles
Number of moles 
6.02 x 10 23
n = N
NA
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Example 1:
 1 mol of iron atom = 6.02 x 1023 iron atoms
 1 mol of hydrogen molecule = 6.02 x 1023
hydrogen molecules
 1 mol of sodium chloride = 6.02 x 1023
formula units of sodium chloride

35
Example 2:
 A closed glass bottle contains 0.5 mol
of oxygen gas, O2.
 How many oxygen molecules, O2 are
there in the bottle?
 How many oxygen atoms are there in
the bottle?

36
Solution:
Number of oxygen molecules = 0.5 x 6.02 x 1023
= 3.01 x 1023
1 oxygen molecule, O2 has 2 oxygen atoms.
Therefore, number of oxygen atoms
= number of oxygen molecules x 2
= 3.01 x 1023 x 2
= 6.02 x 1023
37
Example 3:
Find the number of moles of molecules in a
sample containing 9.03 × 1023 molecules of
carbon dioxide, CO2.

Number of moles = 9.02  10 23

6.02  10 23
= 1.5 mol.

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Do it Yourself 3.3
1. Calculate the number of atoms in 2 mol
carbon.
2. How many ions are there in 1.5 mol sodium
chloride, NaCl?
3. Calculate the number of moles of bromine
molecules which consists 1.5 X 1022 of
bromine molecules.
4. How many atoms are there in 2 mol of
ammonia, NH3?

39
Do it Yourself 3.3…answer
1. Calculate the number of atoms in 2 mol carbon.

Number of atoms = 2 × 6.02 x 1023

= 1.2 ×1024 atoms.

2. How many ions are there in 1.5 mol sodium chloride, NaCl?

1 formula unit sodium chloride, NaCl has 2 ions which are 1

sodium ion and 1 chloride ion.
Thus, number of ions = number of formula units x 2
= 1.5 × 6.02 x 1023 × 2
= 1.806 × 1024 ions.

40
Do it Yourself 3.3…answer
3. Calculate the number of moles of bromine molecules which
consists 1.5 × 1022 of bromine molecules.

Number of moles = 1.5 ×1022

6.02 × 1023
= 0.025 mol.

4. How many atoms are there in 2 mol of ammonia, NH3?

1 ammonia molecule, NH3 has 4 atoms which are 1 nitrogen
atom and 3 hydrogen atoms.
Thus, number of atoms = number of molecules x 4
= 2 × 6.02 x 1023 × 4
= 4.8 × 1024 atoms.

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42
3.3 The mole and the mass of
substances

 Molar mass is the mass of one mole of

any substance.
 Unit of molar mass is g mol-1 or grams
per mole.
The molar mass of a substance = the mass of 1 mol of the substance
= the mass of NA number of particles
= the mass of 6.02 x 1023 particles

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Example:

 *1 : The value of molar mass of an

element is equal to its relative atomic
mass
 *2 : The value of molar mass of a
compound is equal to its relative
molecular or formula mass
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45
Example :

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47
 How many magnesium ions are
there in 30g of magnesium oxide,
MgO.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; O,
16. Avogradro constant: 6.02 x 1023)

48
49
50
Do It Yourself 3.4
1. Calculate the number of moles found in 9.5g of
magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5)
2. Calculate the mass in gram found in 0.3 mol of magnesium
chloride, MgCl2.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5)
3. How many chloride ions are there in 19g of magnesium
chloride, MgCl2.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5. Avogradro
constant: 6.02 x 1023)
4. Calculate the mass in gram of 3 x 1022 units of
magnesium chloride, MgCl2 .
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5. Avogradro
constant: 6.02 x 1023)

51
Do It Yourself 3.4…answer
1. Calculate the number of moles found in 9.5g of
magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5)
Solution:

Number of moles = mass

Relative formula mass
= 9.5
24+35.5x2
= 0.1 mol

52
Do It Yourself 3.4…answer
2. Calculate the mass in gram found in 0.3 mol of
magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5)
Solution:
Number of moles = mass
Relative formula mass
Mass = number of moles x relative formula mass
= 0.3 x (24 + 35.5 x 2)g
= 28.5g

53
Do It Yourself 3.4…answer
3. How many chloride ions are there in 19g of magnesium chloride, MgCl2.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5. Avogradro constant: 6.02 x 1023)
Solution:

Number of moles of 19g magnesium chloride, MgCl2 = mass of MgCl2

Relative formula mass of MgCl2

= 19g

95 g mol-1
= 0.2 mol

The number of formula units of MgCl2 = 0.2x 6.02 x 1023

= 1.204 x 1023
Each formula units of MgCl2 has 2 chloride ions.
Therefore, the number of chloride ions = the number of formula units of MgCl2 x 2
= 1.204 x 1023 x 2
= 2.408 x 1023

54
Do It Yourself 3.4…answer
4. Calculate the mass in gram of 3 x 1022 units of magnesium chloride,
MgCl2 .
(Relative atomic mass: Mg, 24; Cl, 35.5. Avogradro constant: 6.02 x 1023)

Solution:
Number of moles = number of particles
NA
Mass = number of particles
Relative formula mass NA

Mass = number of particles x relative formula mass

NA
Mass of 3x1022 units of magnesium chloride, MgCl2
= 3 x 1022 x (24+35.5 x 2)
6 X 1023
= 0.05 X 95
= 4.75 g

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56
3.4 The mole and the volume of gas

1. It is difficult and not practical to

weigh a gas because most of the
gases are very light. So that it is
easier to measure their volume.
2. Molar volume of a gas is
defined as the volume occupied by
one mole of the gas

57
3. 1 mole of gas occupies a volume
of 24 dm3 or 24 x 1000 cm3 at
room temperature and pressure of
1 atmosphere.

4. STP is a Standard Temperature

and Pressure (condition : 0oC and
1 atm)

58
2. A fixed volume of any gas always
contains the same number of
molecules.
Example :
100 cm3 of hydrogen gas always
contains the same number of
molecules as 100 cm3 of carbon
dioxide if the temperature and
pressure is the same.

59
 This is called Avogadro’s Law
which is state that equal volumes of
all gases contains the same number
of molecules under the same
temperature and pressure.

60
5. Relationship between moles and
volume of gas:

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62
63
64
Molar Volume and Avogadro’s
Constant

1. The molar volume of a gas is the volume of 1

mole of the gas.

Example :
Relative molecular mass of Cl2 = 2 x 35.5 = 71
1 molar volume of Cl2 will contain 71 g of
chlorine.

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Do it Yourself

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Do it Yourself…answer

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Do it Yourself…answer

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Do it Yourself…answer

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Do it Yourself…answer

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3.5 Chemical Formulae
 A chemical formula is a
representation of a chemical substance
using letters for atoms and subscript
numbers to show the numbers of each
type of atoms that are present in the
substance.

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72
(1) Empirical Formulae
1. The empirical formula of a compound is the
Formula that shows the simplest whole
number ratio of atoms of each element
present in the compound.
2. Steps in determining the empirical formula
of a compound.
 find the mass of each element in the compound
 convert the masses to the numbers of moles
of atoms
 find the simplest ratio of moles of the
elements

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 Example : 2.24 g of iron combines chemically with
0.96g of oxygen to form an oxide. What is the
empirical formula of the oxide ? [ Relative atomic
mass: O, 16; Fe, 56 ]

The empirical formula of the oxide is Fe2O3

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Do it Yourself

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Do it Yourself….answer

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Do it Yourself….answer

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Do it Yourself….answer

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(2) Molecular Formulae
1. The molecular formula of a compound
is Formula that shows the actual
number of atoms of each element
present in a molecule of the
compound.
2. The molecular formula of a compound
is a multiple of its empirical formula.
Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n
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3. Relating empirical formula to
molecular formula

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4. Calculation involving molecular formulae.
Example :

The empirical formula of a compound is CH. Its relative

molecular mass is 78. Find its molecular formula. [ Relative
atomic mass : H, 1; C, 12 ]
Let the molecular formula be (CH)n.
The relative molecular mass = n[ 12 + 1 ]
= 13n
However, its molar mass is 78.
Therefore, 13n = 78
n = 78/13
=6
Hence, the molecular formula of the
compound is (CH)6 or C6H6.

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Do it yourself

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Do it yourself…answer

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Do it yourself…answer

84
(3) Ionic Formulae
1. Ioniccompounds are compounds
consisting of anions and cations.

85
2. The formulae of some common cations:

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3. The formulae of some common anions:

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4. The chemical formulae of ionic compounds
are electrically neutral because the total
of positive charges are equal to the total of
negative charges.

5. The chemical formula of an ionic compound

can be constructed as the following :
i. identify and write down the formula of its cation and
anion
ii. determine the number of cations and anions by
balancing the positive and negative charges.
iii. Write the formula of the compound
iv. The number of cations and anions are written as
subscript numbers.

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89
Do it Yourself
Write a chemical formulae for this ionic
compounds.

1. magnesium bromide
2. aluminium oxide
3. aluminium hydroxide
4. sodium sulphate
90
Do it Yourself…answer
Write a chemical formulae for this ionic
compounds.

1. magnesium bromide MgBr2

2. aluminium oxide Al2O3

3. aluminium hydroxide Al(OH)3

4. sodium sulphate Na2SO4

91
(4) Naming of chemical
compounds
1. Chemical compounds are named
systematically according to the
guidelines given by the International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC).
2. For ionic compounds, the name of the
cation comes first, followed by the
name of anion.
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93
3. Transition metals can form more than one
ions, Roman numerals ( such as I, II, III )
are used to differentiate the ions.
 Fe2+ - iron (II) ion
 Fe3+ - iron (III) ion
4. For simple molecular compounds, the name
of the first element is maintained. However,
the name of the second element is added
with an “ –ide “.
Examples : HCl – hydrogen chloride
HF - hydrogen flouride

94
5. Greek prefixes are used to show the
number of atoms of each element in a
compound.
Examples :
CO – carbon monoxide
CO2 – carbon dioxide
CCl4 – carbon tetrachloride
SO3 – sulphur trioxide

95
6. Table below shows the meaning of the
prefixes.

96
3.6 CHEMICAL EQUATION
A) Qualitative aspect of chemical equation

 A chemical equation is a shorthand description of

a chemical reaction.
 The starting substances are called reactants.
 The new substances formed are called products.
 The reactants are written at the left-hand side of
the equation.
 The products are written at the right-hand side of
the equation.
97
 A chemical equation also shows the states
of each substance.

98
 Example :

99
B) Writing chemical equation

 A chemical equation must be balanced.

 There must always be the same number of
atom of each element on each side of the
equation.

100
 Example :

Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric

acid, HCl to produce magnesium chloride,
MgCl2 and hydrogen gas, H2.
Write an equation to represent the
reaction.

101
102
103
Do It Yourself
Write a chemical equation for each of the following
reactions.
1. A solution of silver nitrate is added to a solution of
sodium chloride. A precipitate of silver chloride and a
solution of sodium nitrate are produced.

2. Nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to produce

ammonia gas.

3. When solid lead (II) carbonate is heated strongly, it

decomposes into solid lead (II) oxide and carbon dioxide
gas is released.

104
Do It Yourself ...answer

1. AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

2. 3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)

3. PbCO3(s) PbO(s) + CO2(g)

105
C) Quantitative aspect of chemical equation
 The coefficients in a balanced equation tell us the exact
proportions of reactants and products in a chemical
reaction.
 Example :

The equation tell us that 2 moles of hydrogen reacts with

1 mole of oxygen to produce 2 moles of water.
Or
The equation tell us that 2 molecules of hydrogen reacts
with 1 molecule of oxygen to produce 2 molecules of
water.

106
D) Numerical problems involving
chemical equation
 Stoichiometry is a study of quantitative
composition of substances involved in
chemical reactions.
 We can always make use of the
stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical
equation to solve various numerical
problems.

107
• Generally the steps involved in stoichiometric
calculations are as follows.

108
109
110
Example :

111
Solution :

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Do It Yourself

113
Do It Yourself...answer

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Do It Yourself...answer

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Do It Yourself...answer

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…not finish yet…..please
answer the next Q

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