TOPIC 1.

RESPONSE OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT
BY:
NOR AZAH BINTI AZIZ
KOLEJ MATRIKULASI TEKNIKAL KEDAH

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Learning Outcomes

Identify and describe material response of

modes primary failure due to:
A) Concrete
i. Structure failure
● Compressive
● Tensile
● Shear.
ii. Performance failure
● Creep
● Shrinkage
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CONCRETE

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 CONCRETE
• Concrete is a construction material
composed of cement (commonly Portland
cement), coarse aggregate, fine aggregate,
water and admixture.

• The cement and water form a paste that

hardens and bonds the aggregates together.

• Concrete is the most widely used

construction material in the world.

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 CONCRETE
• Concrete has strength, durability, versatility,
and economy.

• It can be placed or molded into virtually

any shape and reproduce any surface
texture.

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Concrete Structure Failure

i) Compressive
ii) Tensile
iii) Shear

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 What is the
Compressive Strength(CS)?

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 Introduction
• Compressive strength is the capacity of a material or
structure to withstand axially directed pushing
forces. When the limit of compressive strength is
reached, materials are crushed. Concrete can be
made to have high compressive strength.

• When a specimen of material is loaded in such a way

that it extends it is said to be in tension. On the
other hand if the material compresses and shortens
it is said to be in compression.
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 Introduction
• On an atomic level, the molecules or atoms are forced apart
when in tension whereas in compression they are forced
together. Since atoms in solids always try to find an
equilibrium position, and distance between other atoms,
forces arise throughout the entire material which oppose
both tension or compression.
• the compressive strength of a material is that
value of uniaxial compressive stress reached when
the material fails completely
• usually obtained experimentally by means of a
compressive test.
compression
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 Introduction
• The major difference between the two types
of loading is the strain which would have
opposite signs for tension (positive—it gets
longer) and compression (negative—it gets
shorter).
• Another major difference is tension tends to
pull small sideways deflections back into
alignment, while compression tends to
amplify such deflection into buckling.
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What is the Compressive Strength(CS)
of Concrete?
• Concrete mixtures can be designed to provide a
wide range of mechanical and durability properties
to meet the design requirements of a structure.

• The compressive strength of concrete is the most

common performance measure used by the
engineer in designing buildings and other structures.

• CS is measured by breaking cylindrical concrete

specimens in a compression-testing machine. 11
compression tests of cylinders of concrete which are
crushed 28 days after they are made.

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What is the Compressive Strength(CS)
of Concrete?
• CS is calculated from the failure load divided
by the cross-sectional area resisting the load
(pound-force per square inch (psi) in US) and Customary units
or megapascals (MPa) in SI units.

• Concrete CS requirements can vary from

2500 psi (17 MPa) for residential concrete to
4000 psi (28 MPa) and higher in commercial structures.

• Higher strengths up to and exceeding 10,000 psi (70 MPa) are

specified for certainapplications.
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What is the Compressive Strength(CS)
of Concrete?

Compressive strength. The amount of force a

material can support in a single impact
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 Why is Compressive Strength(CS)
Determined?
• Compressive strength test results are primarily used to
determine that the concrete mixture as delivered meets the
requirements of the specified strength in the job
specification.

• Strength test results from cast cylinders may be used for

quality control, acceptance of concrete, or for estimating
the concrete strength in a structure for the purpose of
scheduling construction operations such as form removal
or for evaluating the adequacy of curing and protection
afforded to the structure.

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Why is Compressive Strength(CS)
Determined?

Fractured Test Specimen at Failure

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 Why is Compressive Strength(CS)
Determined?
• Concrete structures, except for road pavements,
are normally designed on the basis that concrete
is capable of resisting only compression, the
tension being carried by steel reinforcement.

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 What is Compressive Stress?
• applies to materials resulting in their compaction
(decrease of volume).
• When a material is subjected to compressive
stress then this material is under compression.
• Usually compressive stress applied to bars,
columns, etc. leads to shortening.

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Component action

Loads

Compression

Tension 19
Modes of failure of standard concrete cylinders

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 What is Tensile Strength?
•Concrete has substantial strength in compression, but
is weak in tensile.
•The Tensile strength of concrete is roughly 10% of its
compressive strength
•Nearly all reinforce concrete structures are design on
the assumption that the concrete does not resist any
tensile forces.
•Tension will create cracking of the concrete.

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 What is Tensile Strength?
• Importance in design of concrete roads
and runways.

• E.g, its flexural strength or modulus of

rupture(tensile strength in bending) is
utilized for distributing the concentrated loads
over a wider area of road pavement.

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What is Tensile Strength?

Tensile strength. The amount of stretching force a

material can withstand

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 What is Flexural Strength?
• FS is one measure of the tensile strength of concrete.
• Measured on unreinforced concrete beam or slab to
resist failure in bending.
• Is expressed as Modulus of Rupture(MR) in psi (Mpa)
• Flexural MR is about 10 to 20 percent of CS
depending on size, type and volume of coarse
aggregate used.

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 What is Shear Strength?
• Shear strength in engineering is a term used
to describe the strength of a material or
component against the type of yield or structural
failure where the material or component fails in
shear.
• A shear load is a force that tends to produce
a sliding failure on a material along a plane
that is parallel to the direction of the force.

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 What is Shear Strength?
• the shear strength of a component is important
for designing the dimensions and materials to
be used for the manufacture/construction of
the component (e.g. beams, plates, or bolts).
• In a reinforced concrete beam, the main purpose of
stirrups is to increase the shear strength.

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 What is Shear Strength?

Stirrup and column ties Steel in place in a abeam 27

 What is Shear Strength?
• Shear strength is the maximum shear stress that a material
can absorb in one impact before failure ness of the material
tested.

Shear strength. The maximum shear stress a material

can absorb in one impact

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Concrete Performance failure

• Spalling
• Shrinkage
• Creep

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Spalling Concrete ( concrete cancer)

• Concrete cancer can affect any building in

which reinforced concrete is used.
• This includes floor slabs, stairs, balconies, walls,
columns, beams and pathways.
• Essentially, the steel responsible for reinforcement
has begun to rust.

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Spalling Concrete ( concrete cancer)

• Spalling concrete is concrete which has broken up,

flaked, or become pitted.
• This is usually the result of a combination of poor
installation and environmental factors which stress
the concrete, causing it to become damaged.
• On a low level, concrete spalling can be purely
cosmetic in nature. However, it can also result in
structural damage such as damage to reinforcing
bars positioned inside the concrete.

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Spalling Concrete ( concrete cancer)

• Spalling concrete is largely due to a natural

deterioration process called carbonation.
• Carbon dioxide in the air diffuses into the
concrete and reacts with the alkalis in it.
• The concrete becomes carbonated and this allows
the embedded steel bars to corrode.
• These corroded steel bars expand and exert a force
on the surrounding concrete causing the concrete
to bulge and crack.

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Spalling Concrete ( concrete cancer)

• The early stages of spalling concrete will

not affect the safety of the building.
However, the spalling concrete should be
repaired as soon as possible before the steel
bars corrode further and damage larger
areas hence the term 'concrete cancer'.

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Spalling Concrete ( concrete cancer)

Spalling Concrete - Concrete Cancer

- Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete
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Spalling Concrete ( concrete cancer)

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 Concrete Shrinkage
• Shrinkage of concrete is defined as the contraction due
to loss of moisture.
• Due to the shrinkage of concrete, the prestress in the
tendon is reduced with time.

Prestressed concrete
• concrete with stresses induced in it before use so as to
counteract stresses that will be produced by load; often
contains stretched steel bars or wires called tendons
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 Concrete Shrinkage
• Due to water loss to atmosphere (volume loss).
o Plastic shrinkage occurs while concrete is still
“wet” (hot day, flat work, etc.)
o Drying shrinkage occurs after concrete has set
o Most shrinkage occurs in first few months
(~80% within one year).
o Reinforcement restrains the development of
shrinkage

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 Concrete Shrinkage
• As concrete harden there is reduction in volume
• It caused a shrinkage
- Absorption of the water by the concrete and the
aggregate
- Evaporation of the water which rises to concrete
surface.
• This contraction can lead to cracks or breaks in the surface
of the concrete, or in tiles and other floor finishes installed
over the slab.
• To minimize cracks associated with concrete shrinkage,
builders place control joints at specific intervals along the
concrete.
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 Concrete Shrinkage
• A wet mix makes pouring easier but it also
tends to encourage shrinkage.
• The more shrinkage the higher chances
of finding cracks later.

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Restrained shrinkage cracking

Parallel cracking perpendicular

to the direction of shrinkage

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 Concrete Creep
• Creep of concrete is defined as the increase in
deformation with time under constant load.
• Due to the creep of concrete, the prestress in the
tendon is reduced with time.
• Basically, long term pressure or stress on concrete
can make it change shape.
• This deformation usually occurs in the direction the force is
being applied.

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 Concrete Creep
• Like a concrete column getting more compressed, or a beam
bending.
• Creep does not necessarily cause concrete to fail or break
apart.
Creep is factored in when concrete structures are designed.
• creep deformation does not occur suddenly upon the
application of stress. Instead, strain accumulates as a result
of long-term stress. Creep is a "time-dependent"
deformation.

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